L8 Stigma

Question 1

what does stigma act as i terms of sociality

Answer 1

• Stigma acts as a social defence against non-conformity

Question 2

two tensions of selection pressure

Answer 2

to be sociable and selection pressures for parasite avoidance

Question 3

what is error management theory

Answer 3

provides an explanation of of perception and cognitive biases
- option resulting in the smallest threat to fitness

Question 4

what are initial reflective reactions to disease and heviours they invoke

Answer 4

• Initial reflexive reactions are universal emotions – fear, anger, disgust, hate
• Emotions invoked result in behaviours of avoidance, ostracism, punishment and exploitation.

Question 5

explain options of the EMT

Answer 5

true state x belief
i.e. belief snake present vs actual snake present= correct

ie. belief snake present vs actual snake absesnse= less costly false positive

Question 6

explain bias to false positive

Answer 6

• Unequal- false negative = threat to fitness, false positive= less costly
• // bias to false positive

Question 7

what does EMT predict in terms of evolving biases

Answer 7

EMT predicts that biases will evolve in human decision making when these criteria are met
• The decision had recurrent impacts on fitness
• The decision is based on uncertain information
• The costs of false positives and false negatives become asymmetrical over time

Question 8

define stigma

Answer 8

a ‘simplified, standardised image of the disgrace of certain people that is held in common by a community at large

Question 9

3 phases of the AIDs epidemic (WHO)

Answer 9

• Phase one: a silent imperceptible spread
• Phase two: an epidemic of AIDS
• Phase three: stigma, discrimination and denial

Question 10

Steps of AIDs stigma

Answer 10

o Perceived /Anticipated
o Internalised – psychic distress
o Enacted - discrimination

Question 11

Mechanisms of Stigma

Answer 11

stigma created by alter to violation of norms + reinforced by social structural

attributed = fear of shame, fear of getting infection

> > outcomes to social limitations, decision making + employment, personal relationships

Question 12

3 ways stigma impacts health

Answer 12

Health seeking behaviours – Tes(ng, treatment and adherence
Socially – personal and in(mate rela(onships, decision-making around pregnancy, complicates paren(ng and limits employment, economic, travel and migra(on opportuni(es
EmoGonally – anxiety and depression arising from self judgement, shame and isola(on – mediated by social support and personality traits such as resilience

Question 13

what helps lower stigma

Answer 13

social support
resilience
behavioural therapy
educaiton