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ISAP > Moving The Air In And Out Of The Lungs > Flashcards

Moving The Air In And Out Of The Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the nose?

A

Airway, moisten and warms air, filters and cleans inspired air. Resonance chamber for speech, smell receptor location.

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2
Q

Function of the pharynx?

A

Throat, connects nasal cavity to larynx.

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3
Q

Function of the larynx?

A

Voice box, vocalisation, keep airways open, switch between food/air pathways as required.

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4
Q

Functions of the trachea?

A

Carries air from larynx to primary bronchi- through neck and mediastinum.

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5
Q

Functions of the bronchi and bronchioles?

A

Supply air to loves and bronchopulmonary segments.

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6
Q

Functions of the alveoli?

A

Gas exchange.

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7
Q

What does elastic and CR aid with in the lungs?

A

Recoil and reduce work of breathing.

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8
Q

What is the function of the pleurae?

A

Hold lungs to thoracic cage which enables the changes in the thorax volume to be reflected by lung volume changes.

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9
Q

Define total lung capacity.

A
  • Maximum volume of air that the lungs can hold.

- vital capacity + residual volume.

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10
Q

Define tidal volume.

A

The volume of air entering or leaving the lungs in a single breath during quiet breathing.

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11
Q

Define residual volume.

A

The minimum volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration.

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12
Q

Define inspiratory reserve volume.

A

The extra volume of air that can be maximally inspired over and above the tidal volume.

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13
Q

Define vital capacity.

A
  • Maximum volume of air that can be moved in and out during a single breath.
  • inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume.
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14
Q

Define inspiratory capacity.

A

The maximum volume of air that can be inspired at the end of a normal expiration.

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15
Q

Define expiratory reserve volume.

A

The extra volume of air that can be actively expired by contraction of expiratory muscles beyond that normally expired.

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16
Q

Define functional residual capacity.

A

Volume of air in the lungs at the end of a normal passive expiration.

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17
Q

What types of mucosa is the nasal cavity lined with?

A
  • olfactory mucosa.

- respiratory mucosa.

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18
Q

What epithelium does the respiratory mucosa have?

A

Pseudostratified ciliates columnar epithelium with goblet cells and an underlying lamina propria.

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19
Q

What is the function of the paranasal sinuses?

A

Lighten skull, aid in the warming and moistening of air, produce mucous.

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20
Q

Which of the skull bones contain the major paranasal sinuses (four)?

A
  • frontal sinus.
  • maxillary sinus.
  • sphenoid sinus.
  • ethmoid sinus.
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21
Q

What does the Eustachian tube/auditory tube lead to and what is its function?

A

It leads to the middle ear. Helps to equalise the air pressure inside the middle ear with atmospheric pressure.

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22
Q

Where do you find the glottis?

A

Opening between the vocal cords.

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23
Q

What is the function of the false vocal cords?

A

Help close glottis when swallowing.

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24
Q

What is the function of the true vocal cords?

A

Vibrate and produce sounds.

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25
Q

How is the pitch of the voice altered?

A

By altering the length and tension of vocal cords.

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26
Q

Which laryngeal cartilages are concerned with altering the length and tension of vocal cords?

A

Arytenoid cartilage.

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27
Q

What is the y-shaped cartilage that divides the trachea into the two primary bronchi?

A

Carina.

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28
Q

What membrane is found covering the external surface of the lung?

A

Visceral pleura.

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29
Q

Where do you find the parietal pleura?

A

Lining the inside of the thoracic wall.

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30
Q

What is the function of pleural fluid?

A

It lubricates wall allowing lungs to hold onto and glide over wall during breathing.

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31
Q

The hilum of the lung can be found on which surface of the lung?

A

Medial.

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32
Q

Which structures enter/exit the hilum?

A

The pulmonary arteries, primary/secondary bronchi, veins, lymphatic and nerves, bronchial arteries and veins.

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33
Q

List what happens to thoracic cavity volume, pressure in lungs and air flow when the diaphragm contracts?

A
  • thoracic volume increases.
  • pressure in lungs decreases.
  • air flows into lungs.
34
Q

List what happens to thoracic cavity volume, pressure in lungs and air flow when the abdominal muscles contract?

A
  • thoracic cavity volume decreases.
  • pressure in lungs increases.
  • air flows out of the lungs.
35
Q

List what happens to thoracic cavity volume, pressure in lungs and air flow when external intercostals contract?

A
  • thoracic cavity volume increases.
  • pressure in lungs decreases.
  • air flows into lungs.
36
Q

List what happens to thoracic cavity volume, pressure in lungs and air flow when the internal intercostals contract?

A
  • thoracic cavity volume decreases.
  • pressure in lungs increases.
  • air flows out of lungs.
37
Q

List what happens to thoracic cavity volume, pressure in lungs and air flow when pectoralis minor muscles contract?

A
  • thoracic cavity volume increases.
  • pressure in lungs decreases.
  • air flows into lungs.
38
Q

List what happens to thoracic cavity volume, pressure in lungs and air flow when the scalene muscles contract?

A
  • thoracic cavity volume increases.
  • pressure in lungs decrease.
  • air flows into lungs.
39
Q

List what happens to thoracic cavity volume, pressure in lungs and air flow when sternocleidomastoid muscles contract?

A
  • thoracic cavity volume increases.
  • pressure in lungs decreases.
  • air flows into lungs.
40
Q

Which respiratory muscles are used for quiet inspiration?

A

Diaphragm and external intercostals.

41
Q

Which respiratory muscles are used for quiet expiration?

A

None, its PASSIVE.

42
Q

Which respiratory muscles are used for forced inspiration?

A

Diaphragm, external intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pec minor.

43
Q

Which respiratory muscles are used for forced expiration?

A

Internal intercostals and abdominals. This is ACTIVE.

44
Q

What is the average tidal volume for a normal individual?

A

500mL.

45
Q

How much of the tidal volume gets to the respiratory exchange surfaces in the lungs?

A

350mL (70%), the remainder of the volume is taken up by the volume of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea and non-respiratory airways.

46
Q

What is the non-respiratory volume collectively called?

A

Anatomical dead space.

47
Q

Pulmonary ventilation is achieved through an application of what?

A
  • Boyle’s law.
  • pressure inversely proportional to volume.
  • pressure x volume= a constant.
48
Q

Where are the lungs located and how are they kept open?

A
  • located in the thoracic cavity.

- kept open by the expanding rib cage.

49
Q

What do the lungs rely on for expansion and contraction?

A

The muscles of the chest wall; intercostals and diaphragm.

50
Q

How are the lungs held against the chest wall?

A

By the pleura (covering membranes).

51
Q

How is chest wall expansion transmitted to the lungs?

A

The pleura and pleural cavity provide a frictionless environment with cohesive forces keeping the two pleura close together.
Any expansion of the parietal pleura is seamlessly transmitted to the visceral pleura, and therefore the lungs.

52
Q

What do the external intercostals do?

A

Move the ribs upward and outward.

53
Q

What is normal quiet expiration caused by?

A

Elastic recoil and surface tension forces in alveoli.

Alveolar pressure increases and air is pushed out.

54
Q

Summarise the events of inspiration at rest.

A
  1. Inspiratory muscles contract (diaphragm and external intercostals)(diaphragm descends; rib cage rises). 2. Thoracic cavity volume increases. 3. Lungs stretched; intrapulmonary volume increases. 4. Intrapulmonary pressure drops. 5. Air flows into the lungs down its pressure gradient.
55
Q

Summarise the events of expiration at rest.

A
  1. Inspiratory muscles relax (diaphragm rises; rib cage descends due to recoil of costal cartilages). 2. Thoracic cavity volume decreases. 3. Elastic lungs recoil passively; intrapulmonary volume decreases. 4. Intrapulmonary pressure rises. 5. Air flows out of lungs, down its pressure gradient.
56
Q

Intra-alveolar pressure vs. barometric pressure at the end of expiration?

A

Palv = Pb.

0=0.

57
Q

Intra-alveolar pressure vs. barometric pressure during inspiration?

A

Pb>Palv.

0>-1.

58
Q

Intra-alveolar pressure vs. barometric pressure at the end of inspiration?

A

Palv = Pb.

59
Q

Intra-alveolar pressure vs. barometric pressure during expiration?

A

Palv>Pb.

1>0.

60
Q

How can lung volume be measured?

A

By a spirometer.

61
Q

What are static lung capacities?

A

These measurements are kept relatively constant by the anatomical framework of the lungs and thorax.
-snapshot of time.

62
Q

What are static lung volumes?

A

These measurements are variable with effort.

-Snapchat of time.

63
Q

What is a Spirogram?

A

A graph that records static inspiration and expiration.

64
Q

What muscles would be contracting during the following ventilation:

  • tidal volume; inspiration.
  • tidal volume; inspiratory capacity.
A
  • inspiration: diaphragm and external intercostals.

- inspiratory capacity: diaphragm, external intercostals PLUS scalenes, pectoralis minor and sternocleidomastoid.

65
Q

What muscles would be contracting during the following ventilation:

  • tidal volume; expiration.
  • expiratory reserve volume.
A
  • expiration: none.

- expiratory reserve volume: internal intercostals and abdominals.

66
Q

What is the main reason for using dynamic lung measurements?

A

Gives information about the RATE OF FLOW of air movement.

67
Q

Why do males usually have a larger vital capacity than females for a given age and height?

A

Greater dimensions in body size, especially chest size caused by testosterone.

68
Q

How are nomograms constructed?

A

Respiratory and morphometric parameters are obtained from a large group of healthy individuals to provide a reference population. Ideally the participants should have healthy lungs in healthy bodies and not be smokers. Mathematical equations are created from the data to construct nomograms to predict respiratory values from morphometric data.

69
Q

What are dynamic volumes measured on?

A

A vitalograph/vitalogram.

70
Q

What do dynamic lung volumes measure?

A

Lung volume in relation to time.

71
Q

What are most dynamic lung volume measurements derived from?

A

Forced vital capacity.

72
Q

What is forced vital capacity?

A

The volume of air that can be forcefully expelled from the lungs during maximum expiration (usually within 6 seconds).

73
Q

What is forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1sec)?

A

The volume of air that can be forcefully expelled from the lungs in the first second of forced vital capacity.

74
Q

What is FEV1%?

A

FEV exhaled during the first second to forced vital capacity ratio expressed as a percentage (divide smaller number by the bigger number).

75
Q

What is a good indicator of airway obstruction?

A

FEV1sec (decreased).

76
Q

When is airway restriction suggested?

A

When both values are low and the ratio is normal.

77
Q

What are the unpaired cartilages of the larynx?

A
  • epiglottis.
  • thyroid cartilage.
  • cricoid cartilage.
78
Q

What are the paired cartilages of the larynx?

A
  • cuneiform.
  • corniculate.
  • arytenoid.
79
Q

What are the false vocal chords?

A

Vestibular folds.

80
Q

What are the true vocal chords?

A

The vocal folds.

ISAP (13 decks)

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