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ISAP > How Is Cardiac Function Controlled? > Flashcards

How Is Cardiac Function Controlled? Flashcards

1
Q

Define pulmonary circulation.

A
  • heart -> lungs -> heart.
  • short loop.
  • low pressure, low resistance.
  • re-oxygenates the blood.
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2
Q

Define systemic circulation.

A
  • heart -> all other organs -> heart.
  • long loop.
  • high pressure, high resistance.
  • provides oxygenated blood to body.
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3
Q

What does the mediastinum contain?

A
  • heart.
  • trachea.
  • esophagus.
  • thymus.
  • blood vessels and nerves.
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4
Q

What are the coverings of the heart?

A
  • fibrous pericardium.

- serous pericardium.

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5
Q

What is the function of fibrous pericardium?

A

For anchorage and protection.

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6
Q

What are the types of serous pericardium?

A
  • parietal layer (adheres to fibrous pericardium).
  • visceral layer (outer layer of heart).
  • pericardial cavity (between layers).
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7
Q

What are the wall layers of the heart?

A
  • epicardium (visceral): smooth outer surface of heart.
  • myocardium (cardiac muscle): muscle contraction.
  • endocardium (lines chambers, cover valves): simple squamous cells-extends into blood vessels.
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8
Q

Explain the steps of heart depolarisation.

A

SA nose -> atrial muscle -> AV node (delay) -> atrioventricular bundle -> R and L bundle branches -> purkinje fibres -> ventricular muscle.

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9
Q

Define cardiac output.

A
  • The volume of blood ejected per ventricle per minute.
  • a measure of heart performance.
  • CO= HR x SV
  • altered by factors which change HR and SV.
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10
Q

What is cardiac reserve.

A
  • The difference between CO at rest and the maximum CO a person can achieve.
  • the higher the CO reserve the greater the capacity for undertaking aerobic exercise.
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11
Q

What are the 3 factors that affect stroke volume.

A
  1. Preload (intrinsic).
  2. Contractility (extrinsic).
  3. Afterload.
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12
Q

Anything that affects HR will also affect CO- but doesn’t change…

A

-SV.

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13
Q

Define preload.

A
  • the ‘force’ or ‘load’ on ventricular muscle just prior to contraction.
  • determined by the end diastolic volume (EDV).
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14
Q

What is stirlings law of the heart.

A

The greater the filling of the ventricles the greater is the emptying.

  • as EDV increases so does SV.
  • if EDV is decreased, so is SV.
  • this is intrinsic control of SV.
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15
Q

What are the factors affecting venous return.

A
  • blood volume.
  • central venous pressure/right atrial pressure.
  • venous tone and the capacity of veins to hold blood.
  • skeletal muscle pump.
  • respiratory pump.
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16
Q

What does contractility refer to?

A

Inotropic state.

17
Q

What influence does calcium have on contractility.

A
  • increased calcium increases contractility.
  • decreased calcium decreases contractility.
  • this is extrinsic control of SV.
18
Q

What is afterload.

A
  • The force against which the ventricles eject blood.
  • each ventricle must develop enough force or wall tension to exceed this pressure in order to eject blood into these arteries.
19
Q

What electrical and mechanical event happens during the P wave, and what happens to the valves.

A
  • electrical event: atrial depolarisation.
  • mechanical event: atrial systole.
  • AV valves: open.
  • SV valves: closed.
20
Q

What electrical and mechanical event happens during the P-Q interval, and what happens to the valves.

A
  • electrical event: completes atrial depolarisation.
  • mechanical event: atrial systole (completed).
  • AV valves: open.
  • SL valves: closed.
21
Q

What electrical and mechanical event happens during the QRS complex, and what happens to the valves.

A
  • electrical event: start ventricular depolarisation.
  • mechanical event: start ventricular systole (ISOVOLUMETRIC VENTRICULAR CONTRACTION).
  • AV valves: closed.
  • SL valves: closed.
22
Q

What electrical and mechanical event happens during the S-T interval, and what happens to the valves.

A
  • electrical event: completes ventricular depolarisation.
  • mechanical event: ventricular systole (completion); ventricular ejection.
  • AV valves: closed.
  • SL valves: open.
23
Q

What electrical and mechanical event happens during the T wave, and what happens to the valves.

A
  • electrical event: ventricular repolarisation.
  • mechanical event: start ventricular diastole (ISOVOLUMETRIC VENTRICULAR RELAXATION).
  • AV valves: closed.
  • SL valves: closed.
24
Q

What electrical and mechanical event happens during the T wave- P wave, and what happens to the valves.

A
  • electrical event: no events.
  • mechanical event: atrial and ventricular diastole.
  • AV valves: open.
  • SL valves: closed.

ISAP (13 decks)

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