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ISAP > Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Where is estrogen secreted from?

A

Ovary: granulosa cells.

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2
Q

Where is progesterone secreted from?

A

Ovary: corpus luteum.

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3
Q

What happens in the ovary during days 1-13?

A

FSH stimulates the follicles to mature.

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4
Q

What happens in the ovary at day 14?

A

Graafian follicle ruptures to release ovum (egg).

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5
Q

What happens in the ovary during days 15-28?

A

Corpus luteum develops from remaining granulosa cells.

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6
Q

Why is FSH secretion higher in the first half of the cycle than in the second?

A

FSH is stimulating the follicle to grow/develop/mature.

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7
Q

What is the significance of the peak in LH secretion on day 13?

A

It will cause ovulation.

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8
Q

Where is the progesterone produced in the ovary?

A

From the corpus luteum.

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9
Q

What happens in the uterus during days 1-5?

A

Menses.

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10
Q

What happens in the uterus at days 5-14?

A

Endometrium re-builds itself; proliferative phase.

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11
Q

Which hormone is mainly responsible for the events described in “2” above?

A

Estrogen.

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12
Q

What happens in the uterus during days 14-28 days?

A

Uterus prepares to receive the fertilised egg; secretory phase.

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13
Q

Why do levels of estrogen and progesterone decline after 28 days?

A

Corpus luteum degenerates.

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14
Q

What event does the degeneration of the corpus luteum trigger in the uterus?

A

Menses.

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15
Q

In the area known as the vestibule, which opening is more anterior, the vagina or urethra?

A

Urethra.

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16
Q

Name the structure that is located at the anterior margin of the vestibule.

A

The clitoris.

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17
Q

What type of epithelium lines the wall of the vagina?

A

Non-keratinised stratified squamous.

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18
Q

Vaginal walls release large amounts of glycogen, how does this aid the health of the vagina?

A

The glycogen is metabolised by local bacteria, producing lactic acid and decreasing pH, making it toxic to foreign pathogens.

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19
Q

What role do the fimbriae of the uterine tubes play in ovulation?

A

Stroke developing follicle, increasing fluid movement into the Fallopian tube (act like a vacuum to suck egg in).

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20
Q

What type of epithelium lines the uterine tubes?

A

Simple ciliated columnar.

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21
Q

How is the egg able to make its way along the tube?

A

The beating action of the cilia of the epithelium lining the walls.

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22
Q

The suspensory ligament attaches the ovary; what is the main function of this ligament?

A

Ovarian arteries, veins and nerves enter the ovary via this ligament.

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23
Q

What is the name of the white fibrous layer of connective tissue that surrounds the outer surface of the ovary?

A

Tunica albuginea.

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24
Q

What structures are contained within the region of the ovarian cortex?

A

Ovarian follicles.

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25
Q

Name the structure that attaches the breast tissue to the underlying muscle?

A

Suspensory (Cooper’s) ligaments.

26
Q

What is the name for the secretory sacs that are located deep within the breast tissue?

A

Alveoli.

27
Q

Which pituitary hormone is responsible for the initiation of milk production?

A

Prolactin.

28
Q

Which pituitary hormone is released when a suckling infant stimulates the breast?

A

Oxytocin.

29
Q

What is the difference between colostrum and milk?

A

Colostrum is a yellowish fluid which is high in protein, has less lactose than milk and almost no fat, it is rich in antibodies.

30
Q

In which stage of meiosis are the primary oocytes at birth?

A

Halted in meiosis 1 (it hasn’t completed the first meiotic division).

31
Q

Approximately how many oocytes does a woman have at birth?

A

2 million.

32
Q

At which point during the ovarian cycle, is the first meiotic division completed?

A

End of follicular phase, just before ovulation.

33
Q

What type of oocyte is ovulated from the mature follicle; what stage of meiosis is it in?

A

Secondary oocyte, halted during Meiosis II.

34
Q

When is the second meiotic division completed?

A

Fertilisation.

35
Q

What is the difference between a secondary and a mature (Grafian) follicle?

A

Secondary has isolated vesicles (pools) of fluid, mature pools have caelesced into one Antrum.

36
Q

What is the zona pellucida and what does it do?

A

Thick glycoprotein membrane surrounding oocyte with receptors for attachment of acrosome.

37
Q

What is the function of oestrogen?

A
  • uterine proliferation.

- follicle development.

38
Q

What is the function of progesterone?

A
  • uterine secretion.

- pregnancy maintenance.

39
Q

Name the three layers of the uterine wall.

A
  • perimetrium.
  • myometrium.
  • endometrium (considered to be the uterine lining).
40
Q

Name the components of the uterine lining.

A

Stratum basalis and stratum functionalis.

41
Q

What is the role of the spiral arteries?

A

Supply blood to stratum functionalis.

42
Q

What is the role of the tubular uterine glands?

A

Secrets a fluid rich in glycogen.

43
Q

How does the proliferative phase differ from the secretory phase of the endometrium?

A

Thickening of basal and functional layers due to a hypertrophy of endometrial cells, glands become more numerous and spiral.

44
Q

What is the trigger for mensturation to begin?

A

Decline in progesterone and oestrogen levels.

45
Q

Which layer of the endometrium is shed during the menstural phase?

A

Stratum functionalis.

46
Q

Name two effects of FSH?

A

Follicle development and oestrogen secretion from follicle (granulosa) cells.

47
Q

Describe the pre-ovulatory role of oestrogen in positive feedback.

A

Effect on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to cause surge in FSH and LH.

48
Q

Name three effects of LH.

A

Maturation of follicle with increased oestrogen secretion; causes ovulation and corpus luteum formation.

49
Q

What hormone released by the ovary exerts a negative feedback effect on the anterior pituitary gland to inhibit FSH secretion?

A

Inhibin.

50
Q

Why does the ovary release inhibin?

A

To signal the anterior pituitary gland that sufficient follicles have developed in this cycle.

51
Q

What peaks first, estrogen or progesterone?

A

Estrogen.

52
Q

What is the role of estrogen?

A
  • stimulates follicle development.

- in the uterus promotes functionalis layer growth.

53
Q

What is the role of progesterone?

A
  • uterine secretion.

- maintenance of pregnancy.

54
Q

What is the perineum?

A

Diamond shaped region medial to the thighs and buttocks inmates and females contains the external genitals and anus.

55
Q

3 parts of the uterus?

A
  • fundus.
  • body.
  • cervix.
56
Q

Endometrium epithelium?

A

Simple columnar cells.

57
Q

Role of myometrium?

A

Smooth muscle (x3), thick, contracts during delivery.

58
Q

Stroma.

A

Connective tissue of the ovary.

59
Q

Primordial follicle.

A

A primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of flat cells, called granulosa cells.

60
Q

Primary follicles (when puberty begins).

A

Some primordial follicles become primary oocytes, they enlarge with the single layer of granulosa cells becoming enlarged and cuboidal. Also form the zona pellucida.

ISAP (13 decks)

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