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ISAP > How Body Functions Are Controlled? > Flashcards

How Body Functions Are Controlled? Flashcards

1
Q

Define gyri.

A

Most conspicuous features on the surface of each hemisphere- they are numerous folds which greatly increase the surface area of the cortex.

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2
Q

Precentral Gyrus.

A

Anterior to central sulcus: primary motor cortex.

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3
Q

Postcentral Gyrus.

A

Posterior to central sulcus: primary somatic sensory cortex.

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4
Q

Define Sulci.

A

The grooves between the gyri (shallow grooves), e.g. Central sulcus (from superior to inferior).

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5
Q

What advantage do convolutions give the cerebrum, in particular the cerebral cortex?

A

Increase surface area, therefore allows more neurons to occupy the limited space.

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6
Q

Roles of the medulla oblongata.

A

-ascending and descending pathways and important reflex integration areas (e.g. Cardiac centre).

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7
Q

Role of the pons.

A
  • sleep centre.
  • important respiratory centre.
  • main connection between cerebellum/spinal cord and higher brain centres.
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8
Q

Role of the midbrain.

A
  • areas for visual and auditory reflexes.

- controls movements and relays motor impulses to important reflex integration.

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9
Q

Determine the major reflex centres in the medulla oblongata.

A
  • cardiac centre.
  • vasomotor.
  • respiratory.
  • swallowing.
  • vomiting.
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10
Q

Determine the major reflex centres in the pons.

A
  • sleep centre (REM centre).

- pontine respiratory centre.

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11
Q

Determine the major reflex centres in the midbrain.

A
  • visual; coordinates head and eye movements, tracts moving objects.
  • auditory; startle reflex.
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12
Q

List the components of a reflex arc.

A
  1. Sensory receptor.
  2. Sensory neuron.
  3. Intergration area (interneuron).
  4. Motor neuron.
  5. Effector organ.
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13
Q

Define somatic reflexes and give an example.

A

Have skeletal muscle as it’s effector e.g. The muscles of the back keeping your posture.

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14
Q

Define autonomic reflexes and give an example.

A

Involve smooth muscles, cardiac muscles or body organs as the effector e.g. The constriction of the smooth muscle in the walls of blood vessels to maintain blood pressure.

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15
Q

What is a stretch reflex?

A
  • A protective method to prevent muscle tearing.
  • autonomic regulation of skeletal muscle length.
  • monosynaptic reflex.
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16
Q

Describe the major functions of the hypothalamus.

A
  • homeostatic mechanisms.
  • secretes releasing and inhibiting factors (hormones).
  • manufactures ADH and oxytocin.
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17
Q

List the homeostatic mechanisms of the hypothalamus.

A

-regulation of food intake, regulate water and thirst, regulate cardiac/smooth muscle, part of limbic system, regulates body temperature, regulate sleep/wake cycles, control endocrine function.

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18
Q

Structure of the anterior pituitary gland (Adenohypophysis).

A
  • made from glandular tissue.
  • 70-80% of the pituitary size.
  • vascular connection with the hypothalamus (hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system).
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19
Q

Where does the anterior pituitary gland grow from embryologically.

A

Develops from the epithelia tissue in the roof of the mouth and migrates to its final position.

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20
Q

Discuss the structure of the posterior pituitary gland (Neurohypophysis).

A
  • made from nervous tissue.
  • 20-30% of the pituitary size.
  • neural connection with the hypothalamus (hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system).
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21
Q

Where does the posterior pituitary gland develop from embryologically.

A

Down growth from the brain.

22
Q

Describe the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system.

A

Network of capillaries in which releasing/inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus travel to the anterior pituitary.

23
Q

Describe the hypothalamo-hypophysial tract.

A

Tract of axons that connects to the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary. They run down through the infundibulum. Hormones from the hypothalamus are transported down the middle of the axons to be released from the posterior pituitary.

24
Q

Describe the location of the thyroid gland.

A

Wraps around the trachea, located in the neck region.

25
Q

What are the three main parts of the thyroid gland?

A
  • right lobe.
  • isthmus (middle).
  • left lobe.
26
Q

Describe the structure of the thyroid follicle.

A
  • composed of a single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells.
  • centre filled with colloid (contains concentrated protein called thyroglobulin).
  • parafollicular cells lie between the follicles.
27
Q

Where are the parafollicular cells found and what do they seperate?

A
  • lie between thyroid follicles.

- secretes calcitonin.

28
Q

Name the hormones produced by the thyroid gland.

A
  • triiodothyronine (T3).
  • tetraidothyronine (T4).
  • calcitonin.
29
Q

What is the chemical class of T3 and T4 and their effects on their target organs.

A

Amino acid derived -> direct method of action -> most cells of the body (target) -> increased metabolic rate; essential for normal growth and maturation.

30
Q

What is the chemical class of calcitonin and the effect on its target organ.

A

Peptide -> indirect method of action -> bone (target) -> decreased rate of breakdown of bone by osteoclasts; decreases blood calcium.

31
Q

Describe the location of the parathyroid gland.

A

Posterior aspect of the thyroid gland, it is 4 pea-shaped bodies.

32
Q

Name the hormone produced by the parathyroid gland and its chemical class.

A
  • parathyroid hormone.

- polypeptide.

33
Q

What is the effect of the parathyroid hormone on its target organ.

A

Target organ: bone, kidneys, small intestine (indirect method of action) -> increases blood calcium levels by promoting calcium release from bone, decreasing calcium excretion and increasing active vitamin D and so increasing calcium absorption in the GIT.

34
Q

Discuss the control of blood calcium levels.

A

It is controlled by calcitonin and the parathyroid hormone to ensure it says within tolerable limits.

35
Q

Name the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex.

A
  • zona glomerulosa (most superficial).
  • zona fasciculata (middle part- thickest).
  • zona reticularis (the deepest layer).
36
Q

What hormones does the zona glomerulosa secrete, their chemical class and the general effects on their target organ.

A

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) -> steroid -> kidney (target) -> increased Na+ reabsorption and K+ and H+ excretion; enhanced water reabsorption.

37
Q

What hormones does the zona fasciculata secrete, their chemical class and the general effects on their target organ.

A

Glucocorticoids (cortisol) -> steroid -> most tissues (target) -> increased protein and lipid breakdown; increased glucose production; inhibition of immune response and decreased inflammation.

38
Q

What hormones does the zona reticularis secrete, their chemical class and the general effects on their target organ.

A

Androgens -> many tissues (target) -> minor importance in males; in females, development of some secondary sex characteristics, such as axillary and pubic hair.

39
Q

What is the chemical class of adrenaline and noradrenaline?

A

Amino acid.

40
Q

How is the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex controlled?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (negative feedback).

41
Q

How is the release of hormones from the adrenal medulla controlled?

A

In response to sympathetic stimulation.

42
Q

Describe the location of the pancreas.

A

Abdominal cavity; spleen is at the tail end and the duodenum is at the head end.

43
Q

Describe the exocrine component of the pancreas.

A

Secretes substances for the process of digestion through a duct from pancreas to the small intestine (duodenum).

44
Q

What are the 3 main cell types found in the islets of langerhan (pancreatic islets)?

A
  • alpha.
  • beta.
  • delta.
45
Q

What hormones do alpha cells produce and determine its chemical class.

A

Glucagon -> polypeptide -> primarily liver (target) -> increased breakdown of glycogen; release of glucose into the circulatory system.

46
Q

What hormones do beta cells produce and determine its chemical class.

A

Insulin -> protein -> especially liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue (target) -> increased uptake and use of glucose and amino acids.

47
Q

What hormones do delta cells produce and determine its chemical class.

A

Somatostatin (produced in the hypothalamus) -> peptide -> alpha and beta cells (target) -> inhibition of insulin and glucose secretion.

48
Q

What is a tropic hormone?

A

Secreted from one gland to stimulate another endocrine gland.

49
Q

Distinguish between lipid-soluble and non lipid-soluble hormones and how they are transported in the blood.

A
  • water soluble travel as free hormones in the blood.

- lipid soluble must combine with a special binding protein to travel in the blood.

50
Q

Define autocrine and give an example.

A
  • affect the same cell that secretes them.

- e.g. White blood cells during infection.

51
Q

Define paracrine and give an example.

A
  • affects neighbouring cells.

- GUT cells that secrete histamine.

52
Q

Define endocrine and give an example.

A
  • affects cells some distance from source.

- e.g. Pituitary, gonads (testis, ovaries), etc.

ISAP (13 decks)

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