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ISAP > Gas Exchange, Gas Transport And Control Of Respiration > Flashcards

Gas Exchange, Gas Transport And Control Of Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Identify a typical disease for restrictive respiratory problems.

A

-fibrosis of the lung; actually respiratory disorder syndrome.

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2
Q

Identify a typical disease for obstructive respiratory problems.

A

-asthma or emphysema.

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3
Q

How would a restrictive respiratory disease affect a persons breathing and more particularly their dynamic lung measurements?

A

Decrease in lung capacity.

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4
Q

How would an obstructive respiratory disease affect a persons breathing and more particularly their dynamic lung measurements?

A

Airways narrowed or collapsing on expiration.

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5
Q

Explain obstructive lung disease.

A

Generally have difficulty in getting the air out from their lungs on expiration. Diagnosed by measuring the FEV1sec/FVC ratio (FEV1%).
-FEV1sec is low, but FVC is normal.

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6
Q

Explain restrictive lung disease.

A

Generally have difficulty in getting a full amount of air into their lungs on inspiration. On expiration there is no airway collapse. Both FEV1sec and FVC and decreased.

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7
Q

At vertebral level T4/T5 the trachea divides into?

A

Left and right primary bronchi.

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8
Q

Which lung are foreign objects more likely to be inhaled into?

A

Right lung as its primary bronchi intro is more vertical and wider than left.

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9
Q

How many secondary bronchi (lobar) are there in each lung?

A
  • R lung: 3 (one to each of the three lobes).

- L lung: 2 (one for each of the two lobes).

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10
Q

Define the term bronchopulmonary segment.

A

Segment of lung tissue which is served by its own tertiary bronchus, artery/vein and lymphatics.

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11
Q

Approximately how many bronchopulmonary segments are there in each lung?

A

10 per lung (some books: 10R and 8L).

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12
Q

Where does the primary bronchus supply air?

A

The lung.

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13
Q

Where does the secondary bronchus supply air?

A

The lobe.

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14
Q

Where does the tertiary bronchus supply air?

A

The bronchopulmonary segment.

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15
Q

Where does the terminal bronchiole supply air?

A

The lung lobule.

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16
Q

If there is no cartilage present in the bronchioles, what holds the airway open?

A

Smooth muscle.

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17
Q

The last part of the conducting portion is known as the?

A

Terminal bronchiole.

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18
Q

What distinguishes a terminal bronchiole from a respiratory bronchiole?

A

The respiratory bronchiole has alveoli budding directly off it.

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19
Q

What is the origin of the pulmonary artery?

A

Right ventricle via pulmonary trunk.

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20
Q

What is the origin of the bronchial artery?

A

The aorta.

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21
Q

What type of blood does the bronchial artery carry?

A

Oxygenated.

22
Q

What is the function of the bronchial artery?

A

To take oxygenated blood from aorta to supply all lung tissue (except alveoli).

23
Q

What is the function of pneumocyte type 1/alveolar cell type 1?

A

Gas exchange.

24
Q

What is the function of pneumocyte 2/alveolar cell type 2?

A

Secrets surfactant.

25
Q

What is the function of surfactant?

A

Decrease surface tension.

26
Q

How does surfactant aid expiration?

A

Prevents alveolar collapse.

27
Q

A third type of cell wanders along alveolar surfaces removing dust, debris and bacteria. These are called?

A

Alveolar macrophages (dust cells).

28
Q

Small alveolar pores connect adjacent alveoli. What is their function?

A

Equalise pressure between alveoli.

29
Q

Why is only a small percentage of O2 normally carried by blood plasma?

A

O2 dissolves very poorly in solution.

30
Q

Another O2 binding protein which is similar to haemoglobin is found in muscle called?

A

Myoglobin.

31
Q

What is the driving force for the transport of O2 and CO2 across the respiratory membrane?

A

Partial pressures.

32
Q

How is CO2 normally dissolved in the blood? What are the relative percentages?

A
  • dissolved: 7%.
  • bound to haemoglobin: 23%.
  • as the bicarbonate ion: 70%.
33
Q

When CO2 binds to haemoglobin, what compound is formed?

A

Carbaminohaemoglobin.

34
Q

When carbon monoxide (CO) binds to haemoglobin, what compound is formed?

A

Carboxyhaemoglobin.

35
Q

Why is CO such a poisonous substance?

A

It competes with, and displaces O2 from haemoglobin.

36
Q

On a oxygen-Hb dissociation curve what happens to the %O2 Hb saturation at a PO2 of 40mm Hg for the right shifted curve?

A

Decreases.

37
Q

On a oxygen-Hb dissociation curve what happens to the %O2 Hb saturation at a PO2 of 40mm Hg for the left shifted curve?

A

Increases.

38
Q

On a oxygen-Hb dissociation curve which shift facilitates O2 delivery to the tissues?

A

Right shift.

39
Q

On a oxygen-Hb dissociation curve which shift facilitates O2 binding to haemoglobin?

A

Left shift.

40
Q

Would an increased tissue metabolism be associated with an increase or decrease in pH?

A

Decrease.

41
Q

Would an increased tissue metabolism be associated with an increase or decrease in temperature?

A

Increase.

42
Q

Would an increased tissue metabolism be associated with an increase or decrease in PCO2?

A

Increase.

43
Q

What sensory mechanisms exist in the body to monitor blood gases?

A

Chemoreceptors.

44
Q

Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located?

A
  • carotid (arotid sinus).

- aortic (aortic arch) bodies.

45
Q

Where are the central chemoreceptors located?

A

In the medulla of the brain, close to the respiratory centres.

46
Q

What specific chemicals do the peripheral chemoreceptors monitor?

A

H+, CO2 and O2.

47
Q

What body fluid are the peripheral chemoreceptors bathed by?

A

Arterial blood.

48
Q

What specific chemicals do the central chemoreceptors monitor?

A

H+ derived from blood CO2.

49
Q

What body fluid are the central chemoreceptors bathed by?

A

CSF.

50
Q

Why are central chemoreceptors so sensitive to blood PCO2 levels?

A

CSF contains no buffers to contain any change in pH. As soon as CO2 diffuses into the CSF, it is quickly converted to H+ and stimulates the chemoreceptors.

51
Q

Why are peripheral chemoreceptors not very sensitive to PO2 levels?

A

They are monitoring arterial blood which normally has a PO2>98mmHg.

52
Q

When do peripheral chemoreceptors respond to changing PO2 levels to stimulate respiration?

A

When the PO2 falls below 60mm Hg, they stimulate the respiratory centres to increase respiration rate; this is called hypoxic drive.

ISAP (13 decks)

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