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ISAP > How Is The Body Supported? > Flashcards

How Is The Body Supported? Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major functions of the skeletal system.

A
  1. Support.
  2. Protection.
  3. Assistance with movement.
  4. Mineral homeostasis.
  5. Blood cell production.
  6. Triglyceride storage.
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2
Q

Describe cartilage.

A
  • made of matrix.
  • avascular.
  • no nerves.
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3
Q

Describe the make up of bone.

A
  • 35% organic.

- 65% inorganic.

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4
Q

List the main types of cartilage.

A
  • hyaline.
  • fibrocartilage.
  • elastic.
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5
Q

Explain the structure of hyaline cartilage.

A
  • collagen fibres are small and evenly dispersed in the matrix therefore matrix appears transparent and is firm but flexible. Chondrocytes are found in lacunae.
  • allows the growth of long bones.
  • contain chondroblasts that produce the matrix.
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6
Q

Describe the structure of fibrocartilage.

A

-more collagen bundles than hyaline and are arranged in thick bundles.

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7
Q

Describe the structure of elastic cartilage.

A

Matrix collagen similar to hyaline but also contains elastic fibres.

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8
Q

What are the organic components of bone and how does it relate to its properties?

A

Collagen fibres and proteoglycans -> stops bone from being too brittle.

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9
Q

What are the inorganic components of bone and how do they relate to its properties?

A

Hydroxyapatite -> stops bone from being too bendable.

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10
Q

State the function of osteoblasts.

A

Bone forming cells; produce the chemicals and structures that make up the matrix (lay down the matrix).

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11
Q

State the function of osteocytes.

A

Maintain the matrix.

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12
Q

State the function of osteoclasts.

A

Bone destroying cells; breaks down the matrix.

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13
Q

What is the role of collagen in bone tissue?

A

Bone strength -> stops it from being brittle.

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14
Q

Describe spongy bone structure.

A

Appears porous and contains columns of bone called trabeculae. It usually surrounded by a sleeve of compact bone.

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15
Q

State the function of spongy bone and its location.

A
  • provides strength and support without the greater weight of compact bone.
  • in the interior of the bones of the skull, vertebrae, sternum and pelvis; in the ends of the long bones.
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16
Q

Describe the structure of compact bone.

A
  • very organised.
  • has a hard bong matrix with many osteocytes.
  • basic unit: osteon/harvesian system.
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17
Q

State the function of compact bone and its location.

A
  • great strength and support; prevents breaks and punctures.

- located in the outer portions of all bones and the shafts of long bone.

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18
Q

Classify bones according to their shape, give examples.

A
  • long: upper and lower limbs e.g. femur, tibia.
  • short: carpals and tarsals.
  • flat: ribs, sternum, skull, scapulae.
  • irregular: vertebrae, facial.
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19
Q

List the components of the general structure of long bone.

A
  • diaphysis.
  • epiphysis.
  • epiphyseal plate.
  • epiphyseal line.
  • medullary cavity.
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20
Q

How does an epiphyseal plate become a line?

A

Cartilage is replaced by bone and the bone stops growing in length (adult).

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21
Q

Describe in detail the arrangement of bone tissue in compact bone.

A

Layers of bone (lamellae) form around the central canal form the osteon. Osteocytes sit in the spaces between the lamellae (called lacunae). Periosteum is a dense, irregular CT sheath surrounding the bone. Endosteum is the thin membrane lining the medullary cavity.

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22
Q

What is the embryonic precursor tissue and cell of bone?

A

Mesoderm and mesenchymal tissue.

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23
Q

How does bone ossify?

A
  • intramembranous.

- endochondral.

24
Q

Describe intramembranous ossification.

A

Bone forms directly from mesenchyme. Takes place within connective tissue membranes. Flat bones.

25
Q

Describe endochondral ossification.

A

Takes places within a cartilage template. Bone forms from mesenchyme producing a hyaline cartilage model first which is replaced by bone tissue. Long bones.

26
Q

How is ossification different for flat and long bones?

A

Flat; intramembranous.

Long; endochondral.

27
Q

Describe the factors that affect bone growth.

A
  • nutrition.
  • hormones.
  • mechanical stress -> causes bone remodelling by an increase in bone mass (density) aligning of trabeculae with stress -> changes are cause by osteoblast activity which increases with stress on bone.
28
Q

What are the components of the axial skeleton?

A
  • 80 bones.

- bones of the head and trunk; ossicles (inner ear), skull, hyoid bone, rib cage and the vertebral column.

29
Q

What are the components of appendicular skeleton?

A
  • 126 bones.

- consists of the bones and cartilages that support the appendages.

30
Q

Trochanter.

A

Large projection.

31
Q

Tuberosity.

A

Rounded projection.

32
Q

Fossa.

A

Shallow depression.

33
Q

Foramen.

A

Opening.

34
Q

Crest.

A

Prominent ridge.

35
Q

Process.

A

Projection.

36
Q

Meatus.

A

Passageway.

37
Q

Head.

A

Rounded projection.

38
Q

Neck.

A

Constricted portion.

39
Q

Condyle.

A

Large rounded protuberance.

40
Q

Fissure.

A

Narrow slit.

41
Q

General features on a typical vertebrae.

A

Lamina, spinous process, transverse process, pedicle, body and vertebral foramen.

42
Q

How do the features differentiate across the various regions of the vertebral column.

A

Increases in size down the spine to accomodate for weight.

43
Q

Identify the features found on a typical rib.

A

Head, neck, body and tubercle.

44
Q

How do the ribs attach onto the vertebrae.

A

Articulate posteriorly with the vertebrae- each rib head articulates with the thoracic vertebrae.

45
Q

How do ribs attach to the sternum.

A

Ribs articulate anteriorly with the sternum.

46
Q

What is the difference between the pelvic girdle and the bony pelvis?

A
  • bony pelvis: includes the complete ring around the hip bones including the hip bones, pubic symphysis and sacrum.
  • pelvic girdle consists of only the two hip bones.
47
Q

Explain how joints are classified based on structural and functional differences.

A
  • structural: based on the major connective tissue type that binds bones (fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial).
  • functional: based on degree of motion (non-moveable, slightly moveable, freely moveable).
48
Q

Describe the characteristics of fibrous joints.

A
  • united by fibrous connective tissue.
  • have no joint cavity.
  • move a little or not at all.
49
Q

What are the sub classifications of fibrous joints.

A
  • gomphoses e.g. Hold teeth into place.
  • sutures e.g. Coronal suture.
  • syndesmoses e.g. Radioulnar.
50
Q

Describe the characteristics of cartilaginous joints.

A
  • unite two bones by means of cartilage.
  • little or no movement.
  • may be permanent or replaced by other types of joints.
51
Q

What are the sub classifications of cartilaginous joints.

A
  • hyaline cartilaginous joints e.g. Epiphyseal plates.

- fibrocartilaginous joints e.g. Symphysis pubis.

52
Q

Describe the characteristics and features of synovial joints.

A
  • contains synovial fluid.
  • allows considerable movement.
  • complex joints.
  • most are joints that unite bones of appendicular skeleton.
  • reflect greater mobility of appendicular skeleton compared to axial.
53
Q

What are the terms of movements that occur at synovial joints?

A
  • gliding.
  • angular.
  • circular.
  • combination of types.
54
Q

What are the types of angular movements.

A
  • flexion and extension.
  • plantarflexion and dorsiflexion.
  • abduction and adduction.
55
Q

What are the types of circular movement?

A
  • rotation.
  • pronation and supination.
  • circumduction.
56
Q

List the pairs of special movements.

A
  1. Elevation vs. depression.
  2. Protraction vs. retraction.
  3. Inversion vs. eversion.
  4. Opposition vs. reposition.

ISAP (13 decks)

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