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ISAP > From Plate To Bowl > Flashcards

From Plate To Bowl Flashcards

1
Q

Name the four main layers/tunics of the gut wall?

A
  • mucosa.
  • submucosa.
  • muscularis externa.
  • series or adventitia.
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2
Q

Name the components that compromise the mucosa?

A
  • epithelium.
  • lamina propria.
  • muscularis mucosa.
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3
Q

What are the components of the muscularis externa in a basic plan of the gut?

A
  • inner circular layer.

- outer longitudinal layer.

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4
Q

Where in the digestive tract is the muscularis mucosa composed of skeletal muscle (under somatic control)?

A

Pharynx, upper third of esophagus, external anal sphincter.

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5
Q

What are the two nerve plexuses that form the enteric nervous system of the gut and state where it is located.

A
  • submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus: in the submusosa.

- myenteric (Auerbach’a) plexus: in the muscularis between the muscle layers.

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6
Q

Greater omentum.

A

Connects transverse colon and greater curvature of the stomach.

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7
Q

Lesser omentum.

A

Connects stomach and duodenum to liver.

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8
Q

Falciform ligament.

A

Connects liver to anterior abdominal wall.

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9
Q

Mesentery.

A

Connects small intestine to posterior abdominal wall.

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10
Q

Mesocolon.

A

Connects large intestine to posterior abdominal wall.

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11
Q

What is peritonitis?

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum.

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12
Q

Which adult organs arise from the foregut/coeliac trunk?

A

Pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, 1st part of duodenum, liver and biliary ducts, pancreas, (spleen).

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13
Q

Which adult organs arise from the midgut/superior mesenteric?

A

Remainder of small intestine, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, right 2/3 transverse colon.

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14
Q

Which adult organs arise from the hindgut/inferior mesenteric?

A

Remainder of the colon.

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15
Q

What are the muscles of mastication?

A
  • masseter.
  • temporalis.
  • pterygoids medial.
  • pterygoids lateral.
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16
Q

Function of the masseter muscle?

A

Elevates and protracts mandible.

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17
Q

Function of the temporalis muscle?

A

Elevates and retracts mandible.

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18
Q

Function of the pterygoids medial muscle?

A

Elevates and protracts mandible.

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19
Q

Functions of the pterygoids lateral?

A

Depressed and protracts mandible.

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20
Q

What type of epithelium is found on the surface of the tongue? Why?

A

Stratified squamous, keratinised in parts (on the filiform papillae) permits wear and tear.

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21
Q

The tongue is a muscular structure; explain the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A
  • intrinsic lie entirely within tongue.

- extrinsic have attachments to bones of skull.

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22
Q

What type of papilla are the only ones that do not have tastebuds?

A

Filiform.

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23
Q

What are the four types of papilla?

A
  • (circum) vallate.
  • fungiform.
  • foliate.
  • filiform.
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24
Q

What is the difference in the composition of the secretions produced by serous and mucus cells?

A
  • serous: water and amylase.

- mucus: mucin, water.

25
Q

What type of secretion does the parotid gland have?

A

Serous.

26
Q

What type of secretion does the submandibular gland have?

A

Mixed, primarily serous.

27
Q

What type of secretion does the sublingual gland have?

A

Mixed, primarily mucous.

28
Q

What are the upper and lower boundaries of the nasopharynx?

A
  • upper boundary: choanae.
  • lower boundary: soft palate.
  • pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells.
29
Q

What are the upper and lower boundaries of the oropharynx?

A
  • upper boundary: soft palate.
  • lower boundary: epiglottis.
  • non keratinised (moist) stratified squamous.
30
Q

What are the upper and lower boundaries of the laryngopharynx?

A
  • upper boundary: tip of epiglottis.
  • lower boundary: oesophagus.
  • non keratinised (moist) stratified squamous.
31
Q

What type of muscle is found in the posterior walls of the pharynx? Why is this?

A

Skeletal, for voluntary control of food bolus.

32
Q

What type of tissue is the epiglottis made from?

A

Elastic cartilage.

33
Q

There are numerous glands in the submucosa (may not be visible). What are their secretions made of and what purpose do they serve?

A

Mucus, for lubricating passage of food.

34
Q

What type of muscle makes up the upper 1/3 of the oesophagus?

A

Skeletal muscle.

35
Q

What type of muscle makes up the middle 1/3 of the oesophagus?

A

Skeletal and smooth muscle.

36
Q

What type of muscle makes up the lower 1/3 of the oesophagus?

A

Smooth muscle.

37
Q

The outermost layer of the thoracic oesophagus consists of connective tissue that anchors it to surrounding structures (there is no serous membrane present). What is this layer called?

A

Adventitia.

38
Q

What volume can the stomach hold?

A

Between 50ml when empty to 3.5 to 4 when full.

39
Q

What role do the sphincters of the stomach play?

A

Isolate acidic stomach environment from oesophagus and duodenum, regulate flow.

40
Q

What type of the epithelium is found here?

A

Simple columnar.

41
Q

What do mucous neck cells secrete?

A

Mucus.

42
Q

What do parietal cells secrete?

A

HCL.

43
Q

What do chief cells secrete?

A

Pepsinogen.

44
Q

What products do entero-endocrine cells (G cells) secrete?

A

Gastrin.

45
Q

Where do gastrin secretions pass through?

A

The lamina propria into the blood, rather than going into the lumen of the stomach.

46
Q

What role do the secretions from G cells play in the digestive process?

A

Stimulates gastric activity.

47
Q

How long is the jejenum and the ileum?

A
  • jejenum: ~2.5m long.

- ileum: ~3.5m long.

48
Q

What macroscopic structures, found within the wall of the small intestine, increase its surface area?

A

Plicae circulares.

49
Q

What function do the plicae circulares have?

A

Help to spiral chyme along length of intestine.

50
Q

What gives the internal surface of the small intestine a velvety appearance?

A

Villi.

51
Q

Are there goblet cells in the duodenum?

A

Yes.

52
Q

The intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn) secrete intestinal juice; what does it contain?

A

Serous fluid and enzymes from the intestinal mucosal cells.

53
Q

What is the function of the duodenal (Brunner’s) glands in the submucosa?

A

Secrete alkaline mucus to neutralise gastric acid in chyme (not in the jejenum and ileum- no longer an acidic environment).

54
Q

What types of motility are found in the small intestine?

A

Peristalsis and segmentation.

55
Q

What is the gastro-ileal reflex?

A

Food/activity in the stomach encourages material in the ileum to move on to the large intestine.

56
Q

What are the three external macroscopic features are associated with the large intestine?

A
  • taenia coli.
  • haustra.
  • omental (epicolic) appendages.
57
Q

Name three main functions of the large intestine.

A
  • absorption of remaining water and electrolytes.
  • bacterial production of vitamins.
  • formation and elimination of faeces.
58
Q

Does the small intestine or large intestine absorb the greater volume of water?

A

Small intestine.

59
Q

Name four functions of the large intestine.

A
  • breakdown of amino acids.
  • decompose bilirubin.
  • produce vitamin B and K.
  • indigestible CHOs.

ISAP (13 decks)

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