Movements Flashcards
Agrarian Philosophy
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Laissez Faire
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Garden City
The Garden City movement was an idea from Sir
Ebenezer Howard in the late 1800s. The concept of this planned community of 32,000 people was that it would be self-contained with residential, industry and agriculture and then surrounded by green
space. The cities would then be linked by roads and railways back to a center city. Letchworth, England was the first Garden City constructed beginning in 1903.
City Beautiful
Introduced on a large scale for the first time at the World’s Columbian Exposition in 1893 by Danie Burnham, the City Beautiful movement’s intent was to beautify
cities, promote social order and encourage civic pride.
City Efficient
The City Efficient movement focused on brining technical details of city planning (such as engineers, attorneys and others) forward rather than focusing on architects. The City Efficient movement also replaced the City Beautiful movement when resources needed to go to public works projects to support the automobile rather than civic buildings.
New Towns
Developed from the Garden City Movement, New Towns were planned communities developed after World War II with a focus on moving the population away from the city into a new town. Examples of New Towns in the United States include Reston, Virginia and Columbia, Maryland. Other examples exist throughout Europe and Asia.
City Functional
The City Functional movement was prominent in the 1940s. It focused on functionalism and administrative efficiency.
New Urbanism
Arising in the 1980’s, the New Urbanism movement focused on walkable neighborhoods, interconnected land uses, sustainability, and creating a sense of place. Seaside, Florida was constructed in 1981 as the first New Urbanist town.
Edge Cities
Edge cities are a phenomenon of the growth of the automobile. Edge cities were primarily residential or agricultural areas before, but have developed into areas with more businesses and jobs than residents. Tysons Corner, Virginia is one example of an edge city. The term edge cities was coined in 1991 by Joel Garreau in Edge City: Life on the New Frontier
Smart Growth
Smart growth theory focuses on development that is compact and has a mix of uses to prevent sprawl and encourage sustainability. Some of the earliest discussions on smart growth were in the early 1970s.
Sanitary Reform & Public Health Movement
The Sanitary Reform and Public Health
Movement began in the mid 1800’s as urbanization was happening at a rapid rate. The goal was
to prevent the spread of infectious diseases and epidemics.
Settlement Housing Movement
A social movement in the late 1800s and early 1900s, the
Settlement Housing Movement’s goal was to create a connectedness between the rich and the
poor. Settlement Workers, often from the middle class, would live and volunteer their time in
settlement houses. The most famous Settlement House in the United States was Chicago’s Hull
House founded by Jane Addams in 1889.
City Humane & New Deal
The City Humane movement arose in the 1930s following The Great Depression. The purpose of the City Humane movement was to focus on jobs and housing.
Urban Renewal
From the 1930s until the 1960s, Congress enacted a series of housing acts that aimed at accomplishing a variety of things including funding to build more public housing and financing for slum clearance and urban renewal programs.
Great Society
Led by President Lyndon Johnson in the mid 1960s, The Great Society focused on programs that help eliminate poverty and racial injustice. Programs developed during this time addressed issues on education, poverty and transportation
