History of Housing & Housing Law Flashcards
National Housing Act of 1934*
The National Housing Act establishes the Federal Housing Administration, which insures mortgages for small, owner-occupied suburban homes as well as private multi-family housing and the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corp. (FSLC)
US Housing Act of 1937*
Wagner–Steagall Act (US Housing Act of 1937). Originally intended to create public housing for poor and middle-income families, it is whittled down to apply only to low-income people.
Emergency Price Control Act 1942 (2)
The Emergency Price Control Act establishes federal rent control for the first time.
1944*
The GI Bill provides mortgage-loan guarantees for home purchases by veterans.
Tax Reform Act 1986*
Tax Reform Act. Reagan introduces the low-income housing tax credit, which remains the primary source of federal funding for low-cost housing today.
1992*
Congress authorizes the HOPE VI urban-revitalization demonstration program to provide grants to support low-rise, mixed-income housing rather than high-rise public housing to address a severe lack of funding for repairs. Atlanta uses its funds to clear slums and construct mostly private housing, an approach copied by cities across the country.
Housing Act of 1949*
Wagner-Ellender-Taft Bill
800,000 new units, slum clearance & urban renewal. Actually saw net reduction in total units
Housing Act of 1954*
140,000 new units, slum clearance & urban renewal FUNDING FOR COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING
Housing Act of 1959
Housing Act of 1959 - Section 202 (elderly assistance) allows first direct funding of non-profits for housing projects
Housing and Urban Development Act 1965* (3)
Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965 - established HUD
Housing and Urban Development Act 1968
Created Ginnie Mae and expanded mortgage access & funding for New Towns
1968 (2)*
Civil Rights Act of 1968/Fair Housing Act
1970
Housing and Urban Development Act of 1970 - . Created Community Development Corporations. expanded ceiling on debt guarantees for developments to 500 million
Housing and Community Development Act 1974*
Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 - created Section 8 program & CDBG program
HUD Programs
HOME HOPWA CDBG Neighborhood Stablization Program Brownfields Economic Development Program Section 811 - Rental Assistance Section 202 - elderly assistance Choice Neighborhoods Housing Trust Fund Indian Housing Block Grant
1990*
Cranston Gonzales National Affordable Housing Act - created CHAS, Section 811 for homeless people with disabilities and HOME
McKinney (Vento) Act of 1987*
bill to aid homelessness. Readopted in 2000
1977
UDAG - precursor to CDBG
US Shipping Act of 1917
Authorized federal building of homes for ship building industry during WWI
Home Owners Loan Act 1933
Home Owners Loan Act creates Home Owners Loan Corporation
1947-1965 (2)
Housing and Home Finance Agency, precursor to HUD.
- Federal Housing Administration
- Public Housing Administration
- Home Loan Bank Board
1942-1947 (1)
Executive Order 9070, Establishes the National Housing Agency, precursor to Housing and Home Finance Agency.
- Federal Housing Administration
- Home Loan Bank Board
- The Home Owners’ Loan Corporation
- The United States Housing Authority
Section 213(a) of HUD Act of 1969
“Brooke Amendment” - caps rent at 25% of income for public housing
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act 1993
Empowerment zones & enterprise zones go into effect
FIRREA 1989
abolishes Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corp. and Federal Home Loan Bank replaces with FDIC
Fannie Mae vs Ginnie Mae vs Freddie Mac
Fannie Mae - New Deal, issues federally backed mortgages. Private
Ginnie Mae - FHA, VA, USDA mortgages, Govt
Freddie Mac - Same as Fannie Mae but deals with smaller banks. Private
HOME
25% match required from jurisdiction
15% must be used for affordable housing
(20 year affordability for new, 5-15 year for rehab or assistance)
10% may be used for planning
90% of beneficiaries must have income below 60% median local income
In projects with 5+ units, no more than 20% can have income above 50% median local income
Used for:
Home purchase or rehab assistance, rental assistance up to 2 years, demolition or relocation, site acquisition
CDBG Entitlement Program
Community Development Act 1974 Entitlement communities are comprised of central cities of Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs); with populations of at least 50,000; and qualified urban counties with a population of 200,000 70% must benefit low-income households Eligible activities: Funding of Community Based Development Organizations (CBDO) (to build housing) public infrastructure (not maintenance), blight reduction, acquisition, demolition, job creation, rehab, limited public services NOT ELIGIBLE: direct new home construction purchase of equipment government building or repairs infrastructure maintenance operating expenses
Most common uses of CDBG for entitlement communities
- Public infrastructure
- Housing
- Administrative and planning
- Public services
- Economic development
- Property acquisition
Annual Action Plan
Consolidated Plan
Communities using CDBG must submit an annual action plan and two performance reports annually. Every 5 years a Consolidated Plan must be submitted as well as Consolidated Annual Performance Evaluation Report (CAPER) overview of what was accomplished
Low Income Housing Tax Credit
LARGEST producer of affordable housing
~100k units/year
2 million units since 1986
Requires:
15 Year Affordability + 15 Year Extension (30yr total)
20% of units by income 50% or less of area median income
40% of units occupied by 60% or less of AMI
40% of units occupied by income averaging no more than 60% of AMI, and no units are occupied by tenants with income greater than 80 percent of AMI.
Section 108
CDBG program. Is a loan available for economic development purposes.
Eligible activities:
Acquisition
Rehabilitation
Construction of public facilities
site improvements
Debt service reserves
Finance fees
Public works and site improvements in colonias
In limited circumstances, housing construction as part of community economic development
20% cap on admin fees
Section 202
Housing and rental assistance (capital advance) for very low income elderly (62 or older)
Only CDBO/NGOs can apply, not government agencies
HOPE VI (1992)
Federal block program.
Inspired by mixed-use, mixed income New Urbanism - Columbia Point, Boston (Harbor Point)
National Commission on Severely Distressed Public Housing in 1989 to study dilapidated public housing and found need.
Atlanta received 1st grant in 1998 to renovate Techwood Homes, nation’s oldest occupied public housing
Title VIII Program
Fair Housing Act implementation by HUD
Residential units with 4+ units must comply with disability accommodations
Landlords with less than 3 units not required to comply
Civil Rights Act of 1966 vs 1968
1966 made discrimination illegal (Title VI)
1968 made discrimination in housing and real estate illegal and enforceable illegal (Title VIII)
ADA 1990
Title II applies to housing discrimination against people with disabilities
Rehabilitation Act of 1973
Prohibits disability discrimination in federal agencies
Section 504 - reasonable accommodations required by federally funded buildings
Community Reinvestment Act of 1977*
Targeted illegal redlining that continued even after Fair Housing Act
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
Major funding bill to infrastructure and job creation to try to mitigate recession.
Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act of 1966
Model Cities Program was an element of U.S. President Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society and War on Poverty
Fair Housing Amendment of 1988
Expanded fair housing to include group homes and halfway homes
Prohibited discrimination based on age or disability
Order of federal housing agencies past-present
National Housing Agency
Housing and Home Financing Agency
Housing and Urban Development
