Fundamental Planning Knowledge Flashcards
1st city zoning ordinance
New York City (1916)
Written by Edward Bassett
A key concept in the zoning ordinance was establishing setbacks at specific heights, but did not establish height limitations.
Later upheld in 1920 in Lincoln Trust Co. v. The Williams Bldg. Corp
1st metropolitan regional plan
Chicago (1909)
Developed by Daniel Burnham
Sherry Arnstein
Wrote “A Ladder of Citizen Participation” for the Journal of the American Planning Association in 1969.
Non-Participation
Tokenism
Citizen Power
James Rouse
James Rouse was the developer that conceived of Columbia, Maryland. Rouse strongly believed in the new cities movement that by proper design blight could be eliminated.
1st full-time planner
Harland Bartholomew
Newark, NJ (1914)
1st historic preservation ordinance
Charleston (1921)
Saul Alinsky
Advocate of community organizing. Alinsky organized Chicago’s poor in the late 1930s and 1940s. Back of the Yards movement. In 1946, he published Reveille for Radicals, which encouraged those who were poor to become involved in American democracy. Later he published Rules for Radicals, which provided 13 rules for community organizing.
1st National Wildlife Refuge
Pelican Island, FL (1903)
First issue of City Planning
1925, published by ACPI and the National Conference on City Planning.
Predecessor to JAPA.
AIP adopted a Code of Ethics for professional planners.
1978
- First auto-centric mall
- First major indoor shopping mall
- First outdoor shopping mall
- Country Club Plaza, Kasas City, MO (1922)
- Southdale Center in Edina, Minnesota (1956)1.
- Kalamazoo, Michigan (1959)
American Planning Association was created through a merger of AIP and ASPO.
1978
The Geography of Nowhere
Written by James Kunstler, a book about suburban sprawl and its impact on American communities
1st state to pass enabling legislation for zoning
Wisconsin (1909)
With Heritage So Rich
Edited by Alfred Reins, published in 1966.
This is a seminal book in historic preservation.
1st city subway
Boston (1897)
Cities in Evolution
Patrick Geddess, published in 1915.
This book centers on regional planning.
1st comprehensive plan
Cincinnati (1925)
Developed by Alfred Bettman and Ladislas Segoe.
Focused on infrastructure projects and called for planning to be controlled by a citizen city planning commission.
Local Planning Administration
Ladislas Segoe, published in 1941.
This book was the first in the Green Book Series produced by the International City/County Management Association.
1st historic preservation commission
Vieux Carre, New Orleans (1921)
Standard State Zoning Enabling Act 1926
adopted 1926
published 1924
Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover
1st National Planning Conference
1909
Washington, D.C.
1st major American city to apply the City Beautiful principles
Washington DC (1902) or San Francisco (1906)? Burnham
Lawrence Veiller
Lawrence Veiller is the father of the modern housing code. He was concerned with housing conditions for those who are low income. He produced a Tenement Exhibition with proposals for New York City. He went on to become secretary of the New York State Tenement House Commission and drafted the New York State Tenement House Act of 1901 that established basic housing laws - including fire exits and running water for bathrooms in every tenement.
1st regional planning commission
Los Angeles County (1922)
1st US Transcontinental Highway
Lincoln Highway (dedicated 1913)
Image of the City
Kevin Lynch, published in 1960.
This book defines basic concepts within the city, such as edges and nodes.
Charles Abrams
Created the New York Housing Authority. In 1965 he published The City is the Frontier, a book that provided harsh criticism to the U.S. federal policies surrounding slum clearance, urban renewal, and public housing.
The Urban General Plan
TJ Kent, published in 1964.
T.J. Kent defines the comprehensive plan as a community’s official statement of policies regarding desirable future physical development and its implications of socio-economic polices; the plan should be comprehensive in scope, general in nature and long-range in perspective. Should be identified as the City Council’s plan
1st planning commission
Hartford, CT (1907)
Catherine Bauer Wurster
Founder of American housing policy. She worked to reform policy that was related to housing and city planning. She served as executive secretary of the Regional Planning Association of America. She wrote Modern Housing and was influential in the passage of the Housing Act of 1937.
How the Other Half Lives
Jacob Riis, published in 1890.
This book resulted in housing reform in New York City.
Rexford Tugwell
Served as the head of the Resettlement Administration during New Deal.
Arthurdale, West Virginia
Greenbelt, Maryland
Greendale, Wisconsin
Greenhills, Ohio
He later served on the New York City Planning Commission and served as governor of Puerto Rico.
1st statewide zoning
Hawaii (1961)
Amended in 1978
The Rise of the Creative Class
Richard Florida, published in 2003.
This book focuses on the importance of creative professionals in the overall economic growth and health of urban areas.
Hoover Dam
The Hoover Dam was constructed on the Colorado River, between the states of Arizona and Nevada.
The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces
William Whyte, published in 1980.
This book promotes the use of environmental psychology and sociology in urban design.
Whyte coined Greenway - Denver
Wacker’s Manual of the Plan of Chicago
1912, published by Walter Moody written by Charles Wacker
Adopted as an eighth-grade textbook by the Chicago Board of Education. This is the first known formal instruction in city planning below the college level.
1st limited access highway
Bronx River Parkway (1926)
1st federally supported public housing to be constructed
Cleveland (1934)
first to be occupied was located in Atlanta
American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO)
1934
Sir Raymond Unwin
English town planner and designer of Letchworth. He later lectured at the University of Birmingham in England and Columbia University.
1st zoning restrictions on the location of obnoxious uses
San Francisco (1867)
1st National Planning Board
1933
Later renamed National Resources Planning Board
Abolished in 1943
1st National Park
Yellowstone (1872)
American City Planning Institute of Planners
1917
Frederick Law Olmsted JR, first president.
Renamed to American Institute of Planners (AIP) in 1939. The AIP was the forerunner of the American Institute of Certified Planners (AICP).
Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning published the first issue of The Journal of Planning Education and Research.
1981
1st local civic center plan
Cleveland (1903)
Developed by Daniel Burnham, John Carrere, and Arnold Brunner
Carrying Out the City Plan
1914, Flavel Shurtleff
First major textbook on city planning.
Which of the following groups of planning philosophies came before the City Humane Movement?
I. City Functional
II. City Efficient
III. City Beautiful
IV. Public Health
The planning philosophies, City Efficient, City Beautiful, and Public Health came before the City Humane Movement. The City Humane Movement occurred in the 1930s.
II, III, IV
The Death and Life of Great American Cities
Jane Jacobs, published in 1961.
This book provided a critical look at planners and planning, with a special focus on the mistakes of urban renewal.
Lawrence Haworth
The Good City, which argued for a thoughtful approach to what actually makes a city good.
Alfred Bettman
Alfred Bettman was the first president of ASPO. Alfred Bettman (1873-1945) was one of the key founders of modern urban planning. Zoning, as we know it today, can be attributed to his successful arguments before the U.S. Supreme Court, which resulted in the 1926 decision in favor of the Village of Euclid, Ohio versus Ambler Realty Company. The concept of the “Comprehensive Plan,” as used in most cities across the U.S., was in no small part due to the work of Bettman and Ladislas Segoe on the “Cincinnati Plan.” Communities of all sizes across the U.S. may also thank Bettman for his part in creating the “Capital Improvements Budget.”
Planning of the Modern City
Nelson Lewis, published in 1916.
Design with Nature
Ian McHarg, published in 1969.
This book focuses on conservation design.
Robert Moses
Transformed New York City’s public works from the 1930s through the 1950s. He expanded the state’s park system and built numerous parkways. He also built parks, playgrounds, highways, bridges, tunnels, and public housing
Regional Plan for New York and Environs
1922-29 - Thomas Adams
Focused on suburban development, highway construction, and suburban recreational facilities. Clarence Stein and Lewis Mumford were involved in the creation of the plan.
Second Regional Plan of New York and Environs of 1970 addressed transit and commercial rehabilitation.
Silent Spring
Rachel Carson, published in 1962.
This book focuses on the negative effects of pesticides on the environment.
Frederick Law Olmstead, Sr.
Father of landscape architecture. He is responsible for many of the nation’s most important parks including Central and Prospect Parks in New York City, Niagra Reservation, and university campus landscapes. He was part of the design team for Riverside in 1868.
Sierra Club
The Sierra Club was founded in 1892. John Muir co-founded.
Paolo Soleri
Architect responsible for designing Arcosanti an experimental utopian city in Arizona focused on minimizing the impact of development on the natural environment.
First exam for AIP membership was administered
1977
Standard City Planning Enabling Act
1928
Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover
John Nolen
New Towns for Old. Designed Mariemont, Ohio and was a leading planner and landscape architect. He made substantial contributions including creating the first comprehensive plan in Florida, contributing to the park system in Madison, Wisconsin and designing Venice, Florida.
Urban Land Use Planning
F. Stuart Chapin, published in 1957.
This book became a common textbook on land use planning.
Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform
Ebenezer Howard, published in 1898.
This book initiated the Garden City movement.
Also wrote Garden Cities of Tomorrow
Thomas Adams
Important planner during the Garden City movement. He was the secretary of the Garden City Association and became the first manager of Letchworth. He developed a number of garden suburbs in England and later went on to teach planning at MIT and Harvard.
prepared “The Regional Survey (Plan) of New York and Its Environs”, which was released in 1929.
1st city to use land use zoning to guide development
Los Angeles (1909)
The Intelligence of Democracy
Charles Lindblom, published in 1969. In this book, Lindblom writes against the basic assumption that central control is necessary in a democracy.
The Council of Government movement
In 1954 the Council of Government movement (COGS) began in the Detroit area with the formation of a Supervisors’ Inter-County Committee composed of the representatives of each county in southeastern Michigan for the purpose of confronting area wide problems. It soon spreads nationwide.
NAFTA
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) among U.S., Canada and Mexico begins on January 1, 1994, its purpose is to foster trade and investment among the three nations by removing or lowering non-tariff as well as tariff barriers.
How many Federally-recognized tribes are there?
According to the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA); which is responsible for the administration and management of 55.7 million acres of land held in trust by the United States for American Indians, Indian tribes, and Alaska Natives. The BIA says that there are 562 federal recognized tribal governments in the United States.
Sunnyside Gardens, New York and Radburn, New Jersey
In 1924-28, Sunnyside Gardens, a planned neighborhood designed by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright, was built by the City Housing Corporation under Alexander Bing in Queens, New York. And in 1928 construction of Radburn, New Jersey, began. This Planned community was inspired by Howard’s Garden City concept and designed by Stein and Wright. It was a forerunner of the New Deal’s Greenbelt towns.
Robert Weaver
Robert Weaver was HUD’s first Secretary and was the first African-American cabinet member.
The Science of Muddling Through
Charles Lindblom - Incrementalism
Riverside, IL
1869 by Fredrick Law Olmsted SR & Calvert Vaux
First planned community in US
curvilinear streets
Columbian Exposition
Chicago 1893 - beginning of City Beautiful
1st course in city planning
1909 - Harvard University
Regional Planning Association of America
1923 a small but influential group including Clarence Stein, Henry Wright, Benton MacKaye, Lewis Mumford, Alexander Bing, Catherine Bauer, and others.
Broadacre
Frank Lloyd Wright - utopian ideal of suburban living. 1 acre lots, auto-centric.
1st state to require subdivisions to go to PC
New Jersey 1913
1st state to mandate municipal planning
Massachusetts 1913
1st extra-territorial subdivision review
California 1915
1st planning consultant
Planning Technical Advisory Corp. Ford and Goodrich 1913
1st TDR
Chicago 1971
1st regional high speed transit
Bay Area Rapid Transit 1972
Riverside IL vs Radburn NJ
Riverside - earlier, Olmsted SR, curvilinear streets
Radburn - Stein & Wright, garden city
