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AICP Essentials > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Forest Hill Gardens

A

Olmstead JR, 1911 in New York

Precursor to Perry

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2
Q

Human waste

A

150 gallons of wastewater per day

4.4 pounds of solid waste per day

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3
Q

Model cities

A

From the 1966 Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act
Address urban blight through community participation
Emphasized social and economic rebuilding over redevelopment

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4
Q

R-factor

A

Measure of insulation quality
Glass = 1
Attic insulation = 30

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5
Q

National Park Service

A

Established in 1916

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6
Q

Amortization

A

Allows non-conforming land uses or structures to remain in place for a set period

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7
Q

Agricultural land

A

900,000,000 AC of farmland

240,000,000 prime farmland, 25% in metropolitan areas

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8
Q

Housing Affordability Index

A

Published by the NAR
Score of 100 means that a family earning median income can purchase median home
Below 100 means they can’t

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9
Q

Dayton Systems

A

Combination of PPBS and zero-based budgeting

Programs as rows with categories - departments, etc., listed as columns

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10
Q

Resettlement Administration 1935

A

Led my Rexford Tugwell
Developed the three greenbelt towns of Greendale, WI; Greenhills, OH; and Greenbelt, MD
Affordable housing, commerce, and nature
Planned communities

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11
Q

Endangered species

A 
1200 listed
36% fish
35% amphibians
17% mammals
11% birds
Hawaii has the most endangered species
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12
Q

Cincinnati Plan of 1925

A

First comprehensive city plan in the U.S.

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13
Q

Urban Development Action Grant

A

Grants for site acquisition and clearance

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14
Q

Park Forest, IL

A

Elbert Peets and American Community Builders. 1949
First privately-financed planned community in the U.S.
Built for returning WWII vets, similar to Levitt Town

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15
Q

Zero-base budgeting

A

1970s
Not based on previous year’s budget
Each year starts at zero and each activity must be justified annually
Involves breaking the budget down into “decision packages”

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16
Q

Quad map dimensions

A

1 inch = 2,000 feet

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17
Q

Shopping center sizes

A 
Community = over 100,000 sf
Neighborhood = 30,000-100,000 sf
Regional = over 300,000 sf
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18
Q

Land and water conservation fund 1964

A

Requires states to develop outdoor recreation plans for federal money
SCORP = statewide comprehensive outdoor recreation plans
Uses lease monies from oil and gas drilling to fund land conservancy

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19
Q

Vieux Carre

A

New Orleans

First historic preservation commission

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20
Q

Metropolitan Farms

A

1/3 of all farms are in metropolitan areas
640,000 farms
Produce 66% of fruits and vegetables
75% of nursery and greenhouse crops and 40% dairy

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21
Q

Household water consumption

A

50 gallons

120-130 per person per day if lawns are included

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22
Q

Lexington and Fayette County, KY

A

1958

First urban growth boundary

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23
Q

Homelessness

A 
600,000 people on any given day
51% single men
17% women
39% families with children
1% mentally ill
15%-25% employed
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24
Q

Plan Making Process

A
  1. Gather factual information
  2. Gather information using participatory processes
  3. Analyze information
  4. Report information
  5. Present plan for review
  6. Revise the plan
  7. Submit plan for adoption
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25
Q

Square mile

A

640 AC

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26
Q

Rainforest disappearance

A

214 AC/day

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27
Q

Reservations in the US

A

326 reservations covering 95,000,000 AC
Navajo is largest.
Not all 567 tribes have a reservation.

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28
Q

Charleston, SC

A

First historic preservation ordinance

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29
Q

Housing affordability

A

in 2002

median incomes of $30,000 to $56,000 could afford a home in the range of $78,000 to $317,000

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30
Q

Hectare

A

10,000 square meters or 2.471 AC

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31
Q

Home rule

A

State transfers power to local governments

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32
Q

Housing in the US

A 
31% in central cities
31% in burbs
38% in rural
33% are manufactured homes
Since 1970 - Average household size increased by 50% but the average number of people per household decreased by 1
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33
Q

Power Center

A

600,000-1,000,000 sf

3 or more big box stores with lifestyle center amenities

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34
Q

Poverty

A

In 1996, 20% of families lived in poverty

Between 1975-1985, US government constructed two million low-income homes

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35
Q

Vernal pools

A

Seasonal wetlands that hold water about two months in the spring and act as breeding grounds for amphibians but do not contain fish

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36
Q

Traditional land use map colors

A 
Purple - industry
Yellow - low-density housing
Brown - high-density housing
Red - retail or commercial
Blue - institution or public
Green - recreational or natural resources
Gray - utilities
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37
Q

Form-based zoning

A

Supports mixed-use neighborhoods with range of housing types

Regulates size, form, appearance, and placement of building and parking rather than the use of the land and the density

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38
Q

Transect zoning

A 
Development as a continuum of six zones from rural to urban districts
Identifies different three-dimensional standards for the hierarchy of uses from rural to urban
Natural
Rural
Suburban
General Urban
Urban Center
Urban Core
(Special Districts)
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39
Q

Performance zoning

A

Focuses on intensity of development that is acceptable and its impact on the environment
Does not deal with use of parcel but with impact of development on surrounding area
Regulates the character of the use instead of simply just regulating the use itself

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40
Q

National Recreation and Parks Association park standards

A

Regional park - 250 AC or 5 AC for every 1,000 people
Community park - 20 AC or 3 AC for every 1,000 people
Neighborhood park - 5 AC or 5 AC for every 1,000 people

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41
Q

Jobs/housing ratio

A

Ratio between expected creation of jobs and need for housing

Higher ratio means housing is created in other communities

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42
Q

Structural unemployment

A

Mismatch between supply of labor and demand for labor in which supply of skills of labor force does not meet demand for skills due to changing technological requirements

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43
Q

Vernacular architecture

A

Uses locally available materials

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44
Q

Context sensitive design

A

Refers to roadway design that is flexible, sensitive to community values, balances economic, social, and environmental objectives

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45
Q

Gridiron

A

Lays out streets in a rectangular system

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46
Q

View corridors

A

Sight lines or routes that direct attention to an object of significance such as rivers, mountains, or historic monuments

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47
Q

Gautreaux

A

1976 in Chicago
Allowed public housing residents and people on public housing waiting lists to use Section 8 vouchers to rent housing in suburbs
Greater housing choice led to increase in educational and economic opportunities

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48
Q

Comprehensive Plan Elements

A 
Executive summary
Data on current status
Future land use map
Goals, objectives, and policies
Alternatives
Actions, benchmarks
Evaluative or review process
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49
Q

Problem definition

A 
Define problem
Specify boundaries of the problem
Develop fact base
List goals and objectives
Identify alternatives
Define potential costs and benefits
Review problem statement and refine
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50
Q

Three planning strategies as planning director

A

Technical expert: promotes planning as objective, neutral, which requires highly skilled staff and decision makers that value technical information
Confidential advisor: establish relationships with important people based on trust and successful track record
Innovator: director develops reputation as high visible innovator who advocates bold solutions and decision makers develop strategies based on community reaction

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51
Q

Comprehensive plan components

A

Master or general plans
Scope = entire community
Time frame = long term
Elements include demographics, housing, economic development, transportation, land use, open space, natural resources, and recreation
Goal = Describe how development might best be accommodated now and in the future

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52
Q

Strategic planning components

A

Goal = direct resources to accomplish stated purpose
Time frame = short term
More focused and limited than comprehensive plan
Elements = analysis of need, definition of stakeholders and issues, SWOT analysis, formulate task or project, develop strategies, take action, monitor performance

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53
Q

Citizen participation in AICP Code of Ethics

A

Citizen participation is continuing responsibility of the AICP planner
Disadvantaged citizens should be included
Special effort must be made to reach the disenfranchised
Serving the public is the planner’s primary responsibility

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54
Q

General ethics advice

A

Know and understand the code
Be ready to read and assess what is given to you
Do not read more into a question or scenario
Practice
Disclose
Be transparent
Keep good records

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55
Q

Problem definition

A 
Develop preliminary definition of problem
Specify boundaries of the problem
Develop a fact base
List goals and objectives
Identify the range of solutions
Define potential costs and benefits
Review the problem statement
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56
Q

Agrarian Philosophy

A

1800’s
Thomas Jefferson
Hector St. John de Crevecoeur
Life rooted in agriculture is the most humanly valuable

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57
Q

Laissez Faire Philosophy

A 
1800's
Adam Smith and invisible hand
Free market economy
Unrestricted competition benefits society the most
Exploits the poor
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58
Q

Synoptic rationality

A

Most frequently used planning approach for comprehensive plans
Used when there is consensus in the community
Includes four classical elements, not necessarily in this order:
1. goal setting
2. identification of policy alternatives
3. evaluation of means against ends
4. implementation of the preferred alternative

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59
Q

Incremental planning

A

Used to change just one aspect of a plan
Change one aspect without impacting the rest of plan
Decision making is a series of small, incremental steps, sometimes known as the “science of muddling through”

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60
Q

Transactive planning

A

Developed in the 1960s as a way to the public involved in the planning process
Planning for people by the people
Community meetings as principle forum
Emphasis given to process of personal and organizational development, and not just the achievement of specific community objectives
Plans are evaluated on improvements to the quality of life, not the delivery of services

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61
Q

Advocacy planning

A

Davidoff
1960s
Defend the interest of the weak and poorly represented groups
Planner in-fighting due to group representation
Proved successful in blocking some plans insensitive to groups
Direct result was increasing requirements for environmental, social and financial impact reports to accompany large-scale projects

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62
Q

Radical planning

A

Direct citizen control of planning process.
Foundations for a Radical Concept in Planning (1973), by Stephen Grabow and Allen Heskin
Downsides - some lose, some win by overpower

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63
Q

Utopianism

A

Solve society’s ills through physical planning
Goals are clearly and powerfully stated, usually by one person recognized as visionary
LeCorbusier’s Contemporary City
Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City
Daniel Burnhams’s White City
Frank Lloyd Wright’s Boardacre City

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64
Q

Methodism

A

Method used is very clear but the ends to be achieved are largely undefined or unknown
Certain techniques are so well established in planning practice that simply performing them has become synonymous with good planning
Include things like zoning reviews, public hearings, building code appeals, subdivision reviews, GIS, etc.

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65
Q

Public health planning movement

A

1800s
Guarantee government involvement in public health and safety of the worker, such as plant safety, maximum hours, housing standards, light and air provisions
Central Park
First New York Tenement Housing Law of 1867
San Francisco Ordinance of 1867
Lost support in the 1920s due to strong economy

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66
Q

City Beautiful

A

1900-1920s
Three basic premises:
1. Beauty of public works projects that attract the wealthy makes pleasant the life of the poor, are accessible to all, and create unifying civic pride
2. Attraction of those with wealth creates a flow of money that filters down to all citizens
3. Creation of broad, tree-lined avenues brings light, air, and nature to the slum
Demise: big business lost interest and there was increased awareness of corruption related to City Beautiful projects. Movement declined, but emphasis on physical site planning was internalized in planning efforts regulating the development of the suburbs.
Burnham

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67
Q

Garden City

A

1920s
Anti-urban, agrarian, romantic approach to the city based on sacredness of nature, the inherent immorality of the city, and a return to the pre-industrial village
Radburn - first comprehensive suburban neighborhood design
Ebenezer Howard

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68
Q

City Efficient Movement

A

1920s standardization

SSZEA - standard state zoning enabling act

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69
Q

City Humane Movement

A

1930s New Deal

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70
Q

City Functional Movement

A

1940s

Military/federal complex

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71
Q

Principles of Smart Growth

A

Create range of housing opportunities and choices
Create walkable neighborhoods
Encourage community and stakeholder collaboration
Foster attractive communities with a strong sense of place
Make decisions fair, predictable, and cost effective
Mix land uses
Preserve open space
Provide a variety of transportation choices
Strengthen and direct development towards existing communities
Take advantage of compact building design

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72
Q

25 Acres

A

Amount of acres of land to provide food for one person

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73
Q

Mean

A

Average

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74
Q

Median

A

Value that divides a group of numbers into two equal parts

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75
Q

Mode

A

Value with the highest frequency

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76
Q

Oregon Model

A

Four-step process driven by four very simple questions
Each question established the context for one step of the process, guiding a series of specific activities and resulting in a number of discrete outcomes
1. Where are we now - community profile
2. Where are we going - trend statement
3. Where do we want to be - vision statement
4. How do we get there - action plan

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77
Q

Township square

A

Equal to 36 square miles

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78
Q

Small Town Planning Considerations

A

Consider what is administratively feasible given small size of planning department
Consider what is financially feasible given characteristics such as slowly increasing tax base
Consider working collaboratively with regional or state organizations to plan regionally and obtain data
Consider how to maintain agricultural economy understanding that a sufficient number of farms must be in operation to support allied businesses
Consider historic preservation as an important ingredient for economic development

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79
Q

Safe routes to school

A

Safe routes to school means making it safe for children to go to school other than by bus or in the family car. These modes include biking and walking
Techniques include building sidewalks and bike paths and installing crossing signals
Benefits include increased physical activity for children and less traffic congestion around schools

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80
Q

Large lot zoning

A

Could preserve farmland, forest, and natural areas
“Large” is not defined
Used in areas without public water and sewage systems

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81
Q

Carrying capacity

A

Largest number of species that a habitat can support indefinitely
Term also used by planners to describe maximum amount of development that can be supported by soils, slope, and vegetation

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82
Q

Land capability analysis

A

All the land in a planning area is analyzed in terms of development costs
Incorporates geologic, hydrologic, and soil data to estimate how these physical conditions will affect various development projects

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83
Q

Prevention of Significant Deterioration

A

Required under the Clean Air Act
Refers to permit application and review process for construction and operation of new and stationary sources of pollution in attainment areas

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84
Q

First zoning ordinance

A

1916 New York City
Covered the entire city and controlled land use, building height, and setbacks
Based on separating incompatible land uses from one another
Drafted by Edward Bassett

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85
Q

First urban growth boundary

A

1958 in Lexington and Fayette County, KY

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86
Q

Discretionary approvals

A

Process allowing government agency to use it’s judgment in deciding whether to approve a project
Purpose may allow for citizen-based public evaluation of project quality and to ensure the ability of the city to approve, conditionally approve, or deny a project

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87
Q

Healthy Cities Movement

A 
Goal of improving health and quality of life
Characteristics include:
Clean, safe physical environment
Stable and sustainable ecosystem
High degree of public participation
Meeting basic needs for food, water, shelter, and work
Vital economy
Optimal levels of health care
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88
Q

Hazard mitigation planning steps

A
  1. Identify locations most at risk
  2. Consider degree to which population is exposed and potential effects
  3. Identify mitigation strategies to reduce the negative impacts of likely hazards
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89
Q

Solid waste

A 
4.4 pounds per person daily
40% paper
18% yard trimmings
7% food scraps
8% plastics
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90
Q

Standards for manufactured housing

A
  1. Represent 10% of housing stock
  2. Setback and location standards
  3. Standards for appearance, roofing, or skirting materials
  4. Standards for safety including anchoring, construction standards, or elevation in flood hazard areas
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91
Q

Private sewage treatment facility

A

Small, privately-owned sewage treatment facilities used by a small number (~12) of homes to handle between 3,000-10,000 gallons per day
May be permitted to protect water quality, but would not be permitted in floodplains, near public water supplies, or near rate or endangered species habitats
Prohibited by many states because they are unreliable

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92
Q

Corridor Planning

A

Goal is to coordinate capital improvements and accessibility along a corridor
May include facade improvements, setback regulations, location of traffic signals and turning lanes, and supply of parking spaces

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93
Q

Migration + Natural Increase Method for Estimation

A

Estimation population as: Population at last census + (births + in-migration) - (deaths + out-migration)
Uses vital statistics for number of births and deaths

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94
Q

Ratio or Step-down method of estimation

A

Starts with estimate of larger area, such as the city and uses that growth rate to estimate population in a neighborhood
Useful because data such as growth rates are more likely to be available for larger areas

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95
Q

Symptomatic method of estimation

A

Uses readily available data such as building permit, school enrollment, or voter registration numbers to estimate population

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96
Q

Seven steps of problem definition

A
  1. Define problem
  2. Specify boundaries of problem
  3. Develop fact base
  4. List goals and objectives
  5. Identify range of solutions or alternatives
  6. Define potential costs and benefits
  7. Review problem statement and refine as appropriate
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97
Q

Urban clusters

A

Densely settled territories with 2,500 people but less than 50,000
New unit in 2000 Census

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98
Q

Urbanized area

A

Consists of at least one central place and adjacent territory with a general population density of 1,000 people per square mile and a minimum population of 50,000

99
Q

First Public Water System

A

Philadelphia

100
Q

First planning commission

A

Hartford

101
Q

First regional planning commission

A

Los Angeles

102
Q

First zoning ordinance

A

New York City

103
Q

First national conference on planning

A

Washington, D.C. in 1909

104
Q

First planned suburban community

A

Riverside, IL

105
Q

First historic preservation ordinance

A

Charleston, SC

106
Q

First urban growth boundary

A

Lexington/Fayette County, KY

107
Q

First subway

A

Boston

108
Q

First historic preservation commission

A

New Orleans

109
Q

First department store

A

Salt Lake City

110
Q

First statewide zoning

A

Hawaii

111
Q

First national park

A

Yellowstone

112
Q

First wildlife refuge

A

Florida - Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge

113
Q

First off-street parking regulations

A

Columbus, OH

114
Q

First limited access highway

A

Bronx River Parkway

115
Q

Father of Regional Planning

A

Geddes

116
Q

Father of Zoning

A

Bassett

117
Q

Father of City Planning

A

Burnham

118
Q

Father of Modern Ecology

A

McHarg

119
Q

Father of Modern Housing Code

A

Veiller

120
Q

Father of Advocacy Planning

A

Davidoff

121
Q

First officially adopted plan

A

Cincinnati

122
Q

First full time planner

A

St. Louis - Bartholomew

123
Q

Central Place Theory

A

Attributed to Christaller

124
Q

Non-point sources of pollution

A

Vary widely and allow fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides, oil, grease, toxic chemicals, salts, bacteria, and sediment to move into bodies of water. A land use map can provide clues as to sources of non-point pollution

125
Q

First skyscraper

A

Built in 1885 in Chicago with steel framing

126
Q

Environmental assessment

A

Required for actions that might have a significant environmental effect

127
Q

AICP Ethics Officer

A

Is the Executive Director of the APA/AICP

128
Q

Gap Analysis

A

Components of gap analysis include:

  1. Identifying intended program results
  2. Inventorying actual program results
  3. Summarizing differences between intended and actual program results
129
Q

Decibel levels

A 
10 db - breathing
40 db - a quiet home
70 db - Freeway traffic or vacuum cleaner
120 db - Loud thunder
132 db - Rock concert
130
Q

Planned Unit Development

A

Very board and may include single family, apartments, commercial, and industrial uses

131
Q

Delphi Method

A

A series of questionnaires sent out to a pre-selected group of experts
Policy Delphi - Successive rounds of argument and counter argument that work towards a consensus

132
Q

Fishbowl Planning

A

People work through proposals in workshop formats

133
Q

Indicators initiative

A

EPA document that will identify where additional research, data quality improvements, and information are needed

134
Q

Metes and Bounds survey

A

Considered the oldest type of legal description
Has monuments
Has the words “more or less”
Has POBs

135
Q

UrbanSim

A

Software-based simulation model for integrated planning and analysis of urban development that incorporates interactions between land use, transportation, and public policy

136
Q

Cash Out Free Parking

A

A program offering commuters the cash equivalent of subsidized parking provided they use another means of transportation

137
Q

Hoshin Planning

A

A type of strategic plan used to align resources to implement strategic policy

138
Q

Detroit

A

First Council of Government

139
Q

Mariemont, OH

A

Constructed in 1923 and foreshadowed the New Urbanist movement

140
Q

Visioning

A

Involves goals that are based on what already exists in the community and is a simple projection of what the community desires

141
Q

1893 World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago

A

Commemorated the 400th anniversary of the discovery of new world
Jump started the urban planning profession
Ran for six months and attracted almost half of the population living in the U.S.

142
Q

Ambient Standards

A

Deal with air and water quality

143
Q

Lowering thermostat by 1 degree

A

Can reduce heating bill by 1-3%

144
Q

Green E

A

Voluntary labeling program in California to indicate which competitive products are made using “green power”

145
Q

Sealing leaks in ducts

A

Can save an average of 20% on heating costs

146
Q

Statistical process control

A

A group of problem-solving tools useful in achieving process stability

147
Q

Fastest Growing City (2000-2010)

A

Las Vegas

148
Q

Staff Function

A

In a public planning agency, it deal with general services, providing information to the line units, and providing services to the line units

149
Q

Confidence interval

A

Range of values that includes a certain population parameter with a given probability

150
Q

Variance

A

Measure of dispersion around the mean

151
Q

People per square mile living in the U.S.

A

As of 2000, it was 79.6

152
Q

Gravity feed system

A

Should be 70 feet above the point of use as part of a water system

153
Q

Los Angeles

A

Based on a 2001 study by USA Today, it is the densest city

154
Q

Portland, OR

A

City maintenance trucks carry solar panels to save energy

155
Q

Minority population

A

33% of population as of 2006

156
Q

Percent of women in workforce

A

58% as of 2010 (increasing)

157
Q

Housing size

A

Since 1970, average size of a home increase 50% while the average household size has shrunk by one person

158
Q

Location of housing

A

31% in central cities
31% in suburbs
38% in rural areas

159
Q

US Population (2010)

A

309 million

160
Q

Linear Programming

A

Technique to find the optimum design solution for a project

161
Q

Staff function

A

Deals primarily with the provision of general services

162
Q

Buffalo Commons

A

Proposal that involves tearing down the farm fences in the Great Plains and replanting native grass and restore the buffalo

163
Q

Ecoregions

A
  • large area with local ecosystems throughout the region
  • provide spatial framework for ecosystem assessment
  • aggregate of all ecosystem components is different from or less variant than in other areas
164
Q

How many acres have been developed in the US each year?

A

2.2M

165
Q

Organization by process

A

Organized around the basic skills in a planning agency

166
Q

Organization by geographic area

A

Organized around the physical areas of responsibility of the agency

167
Q

Organization by function

A

Organized around basic functions of urban decision making

168
Q

First elevator

A

1850 in NYC

169
Q

Canada and Mexico

A

Largest trading partners of the U.S.

170
Q

First Earth Day

A

April 22, 1970

171
Q

Common Ground

A

Result of the three-year public planning process undertaken by the NE Illinois Planning Commission

172
Q

10K Initiative

A

Oakland’s plan to add 10,000 residents to the downtown area

173
Q

Sierra Club

A

Founded in 1892

174
Q

Confluence Greenway Partnership

A

Group of non-profit agencies working to reconnect St. Louis to its river

175
Q

Listening to the City

A

On July 20, 2002, about 5,000 New Yorkers gathered in Manhattan to participate in a modern town meeting

176
Q

Effluent standards

A

For water only

177
Q

1.5 billion acres

A

The number of acres of forest that have disappeared over the last 200 years throughout the world.

178
Q

Phosphates

A

Because of these, by the mid 1960s many of the nation’s rivers and lakes were rapidly turning green and choking with aquatic plant growth.

179
Q

Cluster zoning

A

Intent is to concentrate development in areas where it is wanted and to limit it in areas where it is not

180
Q

Dillon’s Rule

A

Cities, towns and counties have no powers other than those assigned to them by state governments.

181
Q

Ambient standards

A

Deals with both air and water quality

182
Q

The Gold Line

A

The name of the new light rail line from Los Angeles to Pasadena

183
Q

Tributary

A

Water, surface or underground, which contributes its water in small quantities to another larger stream

184
Q

San Antonio Flood of 1998

A

The city had to buyout homes that were in the floodplain and the city implemented regulatory floodplain preservation

185
Q

SDREO

A

San Diego Regional Energy Office

186
Q

Transit use between 1997 and 2001

A

Increased 20%

187
Q

Management by Objective

A

Created by Peter Drucker in 1954

188
Q

Capillary fringe

A

Subsurface layer in which groundwater seeps up from a water table by capillary action to fill pores

189
Q

Average HH size 2010

A

2.5

190
Q

SCAG

A

Southern California Association of Governments

191
Q

Isohyet

A

A geographic border that divides precipitation amounts

192
Q

Time spent for project manager

A 
Initiating 5%
Planning 35%
Executing 25%
Controlling 25%
Closing 10%
193
Q

Work breakdown structure (WBS)

A

Start with deliverable in mind
Work from general to specific
Consistent and simple numbering system
Identify tasks truly necessary to objective

194
Q

R-11 - R-28

A

Minimum level of insulation for exterior walls for home heating system

195
Q

PERT

A

A graphic depiction of the interrelationships of the tasks that make up the project

196
Q

Consistency Requirement

A

Rezonings must comply with comprehensive plan
Applies to both the zoning map and the zoning ordinance
Involves a detailed process of zoning conformance

197
Q

Number of federally-recognized tribes

A

562

198
Q

$6,000

A

The average car costs more than this to own and operate per year

199
Q

Cone of depression

A

The zone that becomes unsaturated when a well in an unconfined aquifer is pumped

200
Q

Nonconforming uses

A

Legally established under the zoning regulations that were in effect at the time of their development

201
Q

In 2001, households earning less than $14,000 per year spent nearly 40% of their income on…

A

Transportation

202
Q

How much more often does a city dweller in Europe ride buses and trains compared to Americans?

A

Seven times as often

203
Q

Harlem Piers

A

Redevelopment project along the Hudson River

204
Q

First council of government

A

Detroit in 1954

205
Q

Joliet, IL in 2001

A

Built an auto racing track, producing 2,000 construction jobs, 1,500 jobs, $35M in annual wages, $300,000 in new tax revenue, and an estimated total impact of $32M

206
Q

Compact fluorescent lights

A

Can last up to 10 times longer than a standard incandescent light

207
Q

Fastest growing MSAs from 2000-2010

A

Palm Coast, FL
St. George, UT
Las Vegas-Paradise, NV

208
Q

In 1994, how many US residents were foreign born?

A

1 out of 11

209
Q

Satisficing

A

A method for making a choice from a set of alternative encountered sequentially when one does not know much about the possibilities ahead of time.

210
Q

Housing Act of 1937

A

Tied slum clearance to public housing
Wagner-Steagall Act
$500M in loans

211
Q

Housing Act of 1954

A

Focused on slum prevention and urban renewal

212
Q

Housing Act of 1934

A

Established FSLIC for insuring savings deposits and FHA for insuring individual home mortgages

213
Q

Housing Act of 1949

A

The first comprehensive housing legislation
Designed to have a goal to construct 800,000 residential units
Known as the Wagner-Ellender-Taft Bill

214
Q

Great Streets

A

Great Places in America designation as determined by APA

215
Q

Flat organization

A

Has few middle managers, shared responsibility for program implementation, and employees are empowered to make decisions.

216
Q

Township

A

Has 36 sections

217
Q

Easement by necessity

A

Allows a landlocked landowner to access a public highway over another’s public land when no relief is available.

218
Q

Gateway City

A

An older industrial city being stabilized by new immigration.

219
Q

Building permit caps

A

Would be used to control growth coinciding with a capital improvements plan. It times the issuance of building permits to coincide with the community’s ability to support development and its demands

220
Q

Collaborative rationality

A

Includes diversity, interdependence, and authentic dialogue (DIAD). Innes and Booher

221
Q

District heating

A

Waste hear from nuclear power plants and multiple small renewable energy generators. Used on many college campuses, including MSU and ND.

222
Q

Cities in Transition

A

Include First Suburbs, Boom-Bust cities, and Legacy cities.

223
Q

Homelessness in the 1990s

A

Increased due to declining rental assistance, increased de-institutionalization of mental patients, and housing costs outstripping personal income growth.

224
Q

Woonerf

A

Street where pedestrians and cyclists have legal priority over motorists.

225
Q

MAP-21

A
  • Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act funds surface transportation programs at over $105B.
  • It could include community-led planning for neighborhood revitalization around transit lines, using TIFIA loans for transportation infrastructure projects, construction of local ferry boat facilities.
226
Q

Superior Court

A

Would review an appeal of a zoning board of appeals denial of variance.

227
Q

Walkscore

A

To obtain the highest score, an amenity must be within 1/4 of a mile.

228
Q

Special exception

A

Most likely avenue to pursue an allowed use, subject to specific conditions.

229
Q

Federal Telecommunications Act of 1996

A

Municipality may not prohibit proposed wireless services facilities, discriminate between providers of wireless services, or regulate proposed wireless communications facilities regarding the potential health effects of radio-frequency emissions.

230
Q

Wicked problem

A

Situation where you need to build consensus around an issue that is ill-defined and has no alternatives.

231
Q

US population by 2040

A

Likely to exceed 400 million.

232
Q

Section 404 of Clean Water Act

A

Authorizes the Army Corps of Engineers to issue permits for the discharge of dredged or fill material into the navigable waters of the U.S.

233
Q

Cohort Survival Method

A

Detailed, very accurate method for making short-term population projections that can handle multiple variables.

234
Q

Section 701

A

Housing Act of 1954 - Funds to be used for comprehensive planning for small communities.

235
Q

Disjointed incrementalism

A

Is an alternative to synoptic rationality, a way of getting information about a proposed project, and a scenario which envisions a series of actions by one actor in an interactive system.

236
Q

Land and Water Conservation Fund

A

Requires states to prepare outdoor recreation plans as a prerequisite for federal dollars.

237
Q

Toxic Substances Control Act

A

Regulates the use of new and existing chemicals and mixtures. Must notify EPA through pre-manufacture notice 90 days prior to manufacture or import of substance for non-exempt purposes.

238
Q

Municipal landfill

A

Most appropriate way to regulate is by conditional use permit.

239
Q

1916 New York Zoning Resolution

A

Uses in zoning districts were cumulative.

240
Q

Infrastructure network

A

Determined by extent of service area, projected population, and projected per capita service level requirements.

241
Q

Fiscal impact analysis

A

Assist city or county officials in determining if a project will generate sufficient revenue to defray necessary public service costs.

242
Q

Rational comprehensive method for decision making

A

Requires clarification of values, consideration of extensive data, and consideration of all relevant factors.

243
Q

Transformative Incrementalism

A

TI was developed by Rob Buchan. Similar to Incrementalism, but focuses on changing values and attitudes over time to achieve ends rather than only making small steps towards ends.

AICP Essentials (21 decks)

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