Definitions Flashcards
Forest Hill Gardens
Olmstead JR, 1911 in New York
Precursor to Perry
Human waste
150 gallons of wastewater per day
4.4 pounds of solid waste per day
Model cities
From the 1966 Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act
Address urban blight through community participation
Emphasized social and economic rebuilding over redevelopment
R-factor
Measure of insulation quality
Glass = 1
Attic insulation = 30
National Park Service
Established in 1916
Amortization
Allows non-conforming land uses or structures to remain in place for a set period
Agricultural land
900,000,000 AC of farmland
240,000,000 prime farmland, 25% in metropolitan areas
Housing Affordability Index
Published by the NAR
Score of 100 means that a family earning median income can purchase median home
Below 100 means they can’t
Dayton Systems
Combination of PPBS and zero-based budgeting
Programs as rows with categories - departments, etc., listed as columns
Resettlement Administration 1935
Led my Rexford Tugwell
Developed the three greenbelt towns of Greendale, WI; Greenhills, OH; and Greenbelt, MD
Affordable housing, commerce, and nature
Planned communities
Endangered species
1200 listed 36% fish 35% amphibians 17% mammals 11% birds Hawaii has the most endangered species
Cincinnati Plan of 1925
First comprehensive city plan in the U.S.
Urban Development Action Grant
Grants for site acquisition and clearance
Park Forest, IL
Elbert Peets and American Community Builders. 1949
First privately-financed planned community in the U.S.
Built for returning WWII vets, similar to Levitt Town
Zero-base budgeting
1970s
Not based on previous year’s budget
Each year starts at zero and each activity must be justified annually
Involves breaking the budget down into “decision packages”
Quad map dimensions
1 inch = 2,000 feet
Shopping center sizes
Community = over 100,000 sf Neighborhood = 30,000-100,000 sf Regional = over 300,000 sf
Land and water conservation fund 1964
Requires states to develop outdoor recreation plans for federal money
SCORP = statewide comprehensive outdoor recreation plans
Uses lease monies from oil and gas drilling to fund land conservancy
Vieux Carre
New Orleans
First historic preservation commission
Metropolitan Farms
1/3 of all farms are in metropolitan areas
640,000 farms
Produce 66% of fruits and vegetables
75% of nursery and greenhouse crops and 40% dairy
Household water consumption
50 gallons
120-130 per person per day if lawns are included
Lexington and Fayette County, KY
1958
First urban growth boundary
Homelessness
600,000 people on any given day 51% single men 17% women 39% families with children 1% mentally ill 15%-25% employed
Plan Making Process
- Gather factual information
- Gather information using participatory processes
- Analyze information
- Report information
- Present plan for review
- Revise the plan
- Submit plan for adoption
Square mile
640 AC
Rainforest disappearance
214 AC/day
Reservations in the US
326 reservations covering 95,000,000 AC
Navajo is largest.
Not all 567 tribes have a reservation.
Charleston, SC
First historic preservation ordinance
Housing affordability
in 2002
median incomes of $30,000 to $56,000 could afford a home in the range of $78,000 to $317,000
Hectare
10,000 square meters or 2.471 AC
Home rule
State transfers power to local governments
Housing in the US
31% in central cities 31% in burbs 38% in rural 33% are manufactured homes Since 1970 - Average household size increased by 50% but the average number of people per household decreased by 1
Power Center
600,000-1,000,000 sf
3 or more big box stores with lifestyle center amenities
Poverty
In 1996, 20% of families lived in poverty
Between 1975-1985, US government constructed two million low-income homes
Vernal pools
Seasonal wetlands that hold water about two months in the spring and act as breeding grounds for amphibians but do not contain fish
Traditional land use map colors
Purple - industry Yellow - low-density housing Brown - high-density housing Red - retail or commercial Blue - institution or public Green - recreational or natural resources Gray - utilities
Form-based zoning
Supports mixed-use neighborhoods with range of housing types
Regulates size, form, appearance, and placement of building and parking rather than the use of the land and the density
Transect zoning
Development as a continuum of six zones from rural to urban districts Identifies different three-dimensional standards for the hierarchy of uses from rural to urban Natural Rural Suburban General Urban Urban Center Urban Core (Special Districts)
Performance zoning
Focuses on intensity of development that is acceptable and its impact on the environment
Does not deal with use of parcel but with impact of development on surrounding area
Regulates the character of the use instead of simply just regulating the use itself
National Recreation and Parks Association park standards
Regional park - 250 AC or 5 AC for every 1,000 people
Community park - 20 AC or 3 AC for every 1,000 people
Neighborhood park - 5 AC or 5 AC for every 1,000 people
Jobs/housing ratio
Ratio between expected creation of jobs and need for housing
Higher ratio means housing is created in other communities
Structural unemployment
Mismatch between supply of labor and demand for labor in which supply of skills of labor force does not meet demand for skills due to changing technological requirements
Vernacular architecture
Uses locally available materials
Context sensitive design
Refers to roadway design that is flexible, sensitive to community values, balances economic, social, and environmental objectives
Gridiron
Lays out streets in a rectangular system
View corridors
Sight lines or routes that direct attention to an object of significance such as rivers, mountains, or historic monuments
Gautreaux
1976 in Chicago
Allowed public housing residents and people on public housing waiting lists to use Section 8 vouchers to rent housing in suburbs
Greater housing choice led to increase in educational and economic opportunities
Comprehensive Plan Elements
Executive summary Data on current status Future land use map Goals, objectives, and policies Alternatives Actions, benchmarks Evaluative or review process
Problem definition
Define problem Specify boundaries of the problem Develop fact base List goals and objectives Identify alternatives Define potential costs and benefits Review problem statement and refine
Three planning strategies as planning director
Technical expert: promotes planning as objective, neutral, which requires highly skilled staff and decision makers that value technical information
Confidential advisor: establish relationships with important people based on trust and successful track record
Innovator: director develops reputation as high visible innovator who advocates bold solutions and decision makers develop strategies based on community reaction
Comprehensive plan components
Master or general plans
Scope = entire community
Time frame = long term
Elements include demographics, housing, economic development, transportation, land use, open space, natural resources, and recreation
Goal = Describe how development might best be accommodated now and in the future
Strategic planning components
Goal = direct resources to accomplish stated purpose
Time frame = short term
More focused and limited than comprehensive plan
Elements = analysis of need, definition of stakeholders and issues, SWOT analysis, formulate task or project, develop strategies, take action, monitor performance
Citizen participation in AICP Code of Ethics
Citizen participation is continuing responsibility of the AICP planner
Disadvantaged citizens should be included
Special effort must be made to reach the disenfranchised
Serving the public is the planner’s primary responsibility
General ethics advice
Know and understand the code
Be ready to read and assess what is given to you
Do not read more into a question or scenario
Practice
Disclose
Be transparent
Keep good records
Problem definition
Develop preliminary definition of problem Specify boundaries of the problem Develop a fact base List goals and objectives Identify the range of solutions Define potential costs and benefits Review the problem statement
Agrarian Philosophy
1800’s
Thomas Jefferson
Hector St. John de Crevecoeur
Life rooted in agriculture is the most humanly valuable
Laissez Faire Philosophy
1800's Adam Smith and invisible hand Free market economy Unrestricted competition benefits society the most Exploits the poor
Synoptic rationality
Most frequently used planning approach for comprehensive plans
Used when there is consensus in the community
Includes four classical elements, not necessarily in this order:
1. goal setting
2. identification of policy alternatives
3. evaluation of means against ends
4. implementation of the preferred alternative
Incremental planning
Used to change just one aspect of a plan
Change one aspect without impacting the rest of plan
Decision making is a series of small, incremental steps, sometimes known as the “science of muddling through”
Transactive planning
Developed in the 1960s as a way to the public involved in the planning process
Planning for people by the people
Community meetings as principle forum
Emphasis given to process of personal and organizational development, and not just the achievement of specific community objectives
Plans are evaluated on improvements to the quality of life, not the delivery of services
Advocacy planning
Davidoff
1960s
Defend the interest of the weak and poorly represented groups
Planner in-fighting due to group representation
Proved successful in blocking some plans insensitive to groups
Direct result was increasing requirements for environmental, social and financial impact reports to accompany large-scale projects
Radical planning
Direct citizen control of planning process.
Foundations for a Radical Concept in Planning (1973), by Stephen Grabow and Allen Heskin
Downsides - some lose, some win by overpower
Utopianism
Solve society’s ills through physical planning
Goals are clearly and powerfully stated, usually by one person recognized as visionary
LeCorbusier’s Contemporary City
Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City
Daniel Burnhams’s White City
Frank Lloyd Wright’s Boardacre City
Methodism
Method used is very clear but the ends to be achieved are largely undefined or unknown
Certain techniques are so well established in planning practice that simply performing them has become synonymous with good planning
Include things like zoning reviews, public hearings, building code appeals, subdivision reviews, GIS, etc.
Public health planning movement
1800s
Guarantee government involvement in public health and safety of the worker, such as plant safety, maximum hours, housing standards, light and air provisions
Central Park
First New York Tenement Housing Law of 1867
San Francisco Ordinance of 1867
Lost support in the 1920s due to strong economy
City Beautiful
1900-1920s
Three basic premises:
1. Beauty of public works projects that attract the wealthy makes pleasant the life of the poor, are accessible to all, and create unifying civic pride
2. Attraction of those with wealth creates a flow of money that filters down to all citizens
3. Creation of broad, tree-lined avenues brings light, air, and nature to the slum
Demise: big business lost interest and there was increased awareness of corruption related to City Beautiful projects. Movement declined, but emphasis on physical site planning was internalized in planning efforts regulating the development of the suburbs.
Burnham
Garden City
1920s
Anti-urban, agrarian, romantic approach to the city based on sacredness of nature, the inherent immorality of the city, and a return to the pre-industrial village
Radburn - first comprehensive suburban neighborhood design
Ebenezer Howard
City Efficient Movement
1920s standardization
SSZEA - standard state zoning enabling act
City Humane Movement
1930s New Deal
City Functional Movement
1940s
Military/federal complex
Principles of Smart Growth
Create range of housing opportunities and choices
Create walkable neighborhoods
Encourage community and stakeholder collaboration
Foster attractive communities with a strong sense of place
Make decisions fair, predictable, and cost effective
Mix land uses
Preserve open space
Provide a variety of transportation choices
Strengthen and direct development towards existing communities
Take advantage of compact building design
25 Acres
Amount of acres of land to provide food for one person
Mean
Average
Median
Value that divides a group of numbers into two equal parts
Mode
Value with the highest frequency
Oregon Model
Four-step process driven by four very simple questions
Each question established the context for one step of the process, guiding a series of specific activities and resulting in a number of discrete outcomes
1. Where are we now - community profile
2. Where are we going - trend statement
3. Where do we want to be - vision statement
4. How do we get there - action plan
Township square
Equal to 36 square miles
Small Town Planning Considerations
Consider what is administratively feasible given small size of planning department
Consider what is financially feasible given characteristics such as slowly increasing tax base
Consider working collaboratively with regional or state organizations to plan regionally and obtain data
Consider how to maintain agricultural economy understanding that a sufficient number of farms must be in operation to support allied businesses
Consider historic preservation as an important ingredient for economic development
Safe routes to school
Safe routes to school means making it safe for children to go to school other than by bus or in the family car. These modes include biking and walking
Techniques include building sidewalks and bike paths and installing crossing signals
Benefits include increased physical activity for children and less traffic congestion around schools
Large lot zoning
Could preserve farmland, forest, and natural areas
“Large” is not defined
Used in areas without public water and sewage systems
Carrying capacity
Largest number of species that a habitat can support indefinitely
Term also used by planners to describe maximum amount of development that can be supported by soils, slope, and vegetation
Land capability analysis
All the land in a planning area is analyzed in terms of development costs
Incorporates geologic, hydrologic, and soil data to estimate how these physical conditions will affect various development projects
Prevention of Significant Deterioration
Required under the Clean Air Act
Refers to permit application and review process for construction and operation of new and stationary sources of pollution in attainment areas
First zoning ordinance
1916 New York City
Covered the entire city and controlled land use, building height, and setbacks
Based on separating incompatible land uses from one another
Drafted by Edward Bassett
First urban growth boundary
1958 in Lexington and Fayette County, KY
Discretionary approvals
Process allowing government agency to use it’s judgment in deciding whether to approve a project
Purpose may allow for citizen-based public evaluation of project quality and to ensure the ability of the city to approve, conditionally approve, or deny a project
Healthy Cities Movement
Goal of improving health and quality of life Characteristics include: Clean, safe physical environment Stable and sustainable ecosystem High degree of public participation Meeting basic needs for food, water, shelter, and work Vital economy Optimal levels of health care
Hazard mitigation planning steps
- Identify locations most at risk
- Consider degree to which population is exposed and potential effects
- Identify mitigation strategies to reduce the negative impacts of likely hazards
Solid waste
4.4 pounds per person daily 40% paper 18% yard trimmings 7% food scraps 8% plastics
Standards for manufactured housing
- Represent 10% of housing stock
- Setback and location standards
- Standards for appearance, roofing, or skirting materials
- Standards for safety including anchoring, construction standards, or elevation in flood hazard areas
Private sewage treatment facility
Small, privately-owned sewage treatment facilities used by a small number (~12) of homes to handle between 3,000-10,000 gallons per day
May be permitted to protect water quality, but would not be permitted in floodplains, near public water supplies, or near rate or endangered species habitats
Prohibited by many states because they are unreliable
Corridor Planning
Goal is to coordinate capital improvements and accessibility along a corridor
May include facade improvements, setback regulations, location of traffic signals and turning lanes, and supply of parking spaces
Migration + Natural Increase Method for Estimation
Estimation population as: Population at last census + (births + in-migration) - (deaths + out-migration)
Uses vital statistics for number of births and deaths
Ratio or Step-down method of estimation
Starts with estimate of larger area, such as the city and uses that growth rate to estimate population in a neighborhood
Useful because data such as growth rates are more likely to be available for larger areas
Symptomatic method of estimation
Uses readily available data such as building permit, school enrollment, or voter registration numbers to estimate population
Seven steps of problem definition
- Define problem
- Specify boundaries of problem
- Develop fact base
- List goals and objectives
- Identify range of solutions or alternatives
- Define potential costs and benefits
- Review problem statement and refine as appropriate
Urban clusters
Densely settled territories with 2,500 people but less than 50,000
New unit in 2000 Census
Urbanized area
Consists of at least one central place and adjacent territory with a general population density of 1,000 people per square mile and a minimum population of 50,000
First Public Water System
Philadelphia
First planning commission
Hartford
First regional planning commission
Los Angeles
First zoning ordinance
New York City
First national conference on planning
Washington, D.C. in 1909
First planned suburban community
Riverside, IL
First historic preservation ordinance
Charleston, SC
First urban growth boundary
Lexington/Fayette County, KY
First subway
Boston
First historic preservation commission
New Orleans
First department store
Salt Lake City
First statewide zoning
Hawaii
First national park
Yellowstone
First wildlife refuge
Florida - Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge
First off-street parking regulations
Columbus, OH
First limited access highway
Bronx River Parkway
Father of Regional Planning
Geddes
Father of Zoning
Bassett
Father of City Planning
Burnham
Father of Modern Ecology
McHarg
Father of Modern Housing Code
Veiller
Father of Advocacy Planning
Davidoff
First officially adopted plan
Cincinnati
First full time planner
St. Louis - Bartholomew
Central Place Theory
Attributed to Christaller
Non-point sources of pollution
Vary widely and allow fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides, oil, grease, toxic chemicals, salts, bacteria, and sediment to move into bodies of water. A land use map can provide clues as to sources of non-point pollution
First skyscraper
Built in 1885 in Chicago with steel framing
Environmental assessment
Required for actions that might have a significant environmental effect
AICP Ethics Officer
Is the Executive Director of the APA/AICP
Gap Analysis
Components of gap analysis include:
- Identifying intended program results
- Inventorying actual program results
- Summarizing differences between intended and actual program results
Decibel levels
10 db - breathing 40 db - a quiet home 70 db - Freeway traffic or vacuum cleaner 120 db - Loud thunder 132 db - Rock concert
Planned Unit Development
Very board and may include single family, apartments, commercial, and industrial uses
Delphi Method
A series of questionnaires sent out to a pre-selected group of experts
Policy Delphi - Successive rounds of argument and counter argument that work towards a consensus
Fishbowl Planning
People work through proposals in workshop formats
Indicators initiative
EPA document that will identify where additional research, data quality improvements, and information are needed
Metes and Bounds survey
Considered the oldest type of legal description
Has monuments
Has the words “more or less”
Has POBs
UrbanSim
Software-based simulation model for integrated planning and analysis of urban development that incorporates interactions between land use, transportation, and public policy
Cash Out Free Parking
A program offering commuters the cash equivalent of subsidized parking provided they use another means of transportation
Hoshin Planning
A type of strategic plan used to align resources to implement strategic policy
Detroit
First Council of Government
Mariemont, OH
Constructed in 1923 and foreshadowed the New Urbanist movement
Visioning
Involves goals that are based on what already exists in the community and is a simple projection of what the community desires
1893 World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago
Commemorated the 400th anniversary of the discovery of new world
Jump started the urban planning profession
Ran for six months and attracted almost half of the population living in the U.S.
Ambient Standards
Deal with air and water quality
Lowering thermostat by 1 degree
Can reduce heating bill by 1-3%
Green E
Voluntary labeling program in California to indicate which competitive products are made using “green power”
Sealing leaks in ducts
Can save an average of 20% on heating costs
Statistical process control
A group of problem-solving tools useful in achieving process stability
Fastest Growing City (2000-2010)
Las Vegas
Staff Function
In a public planning agency, it deal with general services, providing information to the line units, and providing services to the line units
Confidence interval
Range of values that includes a certain population parameter with a given probability
Variance
Measure of dispersion around the mean
People per square mile living in the U.S.
As of 2000, it was 79.6
Gravity feed system
Should be 70 feet above the point of use as part of a water system
Los Angeles
Based on a 2001 study by USA Today, it is the densest city
Portland, OR
City maintenance trucks carry solar panels to save energy
Minority population
33% of population as of 2006
Percent of women in workforce
58% as of 2010 (increasing)
Housing size
Since 1970, average size of a home increase 50% while the average household size has shrunk by one person
Location of housing
31% in central cities
31% in suburbs
38% in rural areas
US Population (2010)
309 million
Linear Programming
Technique to find the optimum design solution for a project
Staff function
Deals primarily with the provision of general services
Buffalo Commons
Proposal that involves tearing down the farm fences in the Great Plains and replanting native grass and restore the buffalo
Ecoregions
- large area with local ecosystems throughout the region
- provide spatial framework for ecosystem assessment
- aggregate of all ecosystem components is different from or less variant than in other areas
How many acres have been developed in the US each year?
2.2M
Organization by process
Organized around the basic skills in a planning agency
Organization by geographic area
Organized around the physical areas of responsibility of the agency
Organization by function
Organized around basic functions of urban decision making
First elevator
1850 in NYC
Canada and Mexico
Largest trading partners of the U.S.
First Earth Day
April 22, 1970
Common Ground
Result of the three-year public planning process undertaken by the NE Illinois Planning Commission
10K Initiative
Oakland’s plan to add 10,000 residents to the downtown area
Sierra Club
Founded in 1892
Confluence Greenway Partnership
Group of non-profit agencies working to reconnect St. Louis to its river
Listening to the City
On July 20, 2002, about 5,000 New Yorkers gathered in Manhattan to participate in a modern town meeting
Effluent standards
For water only
1.5 billion acres
The number of acres of forest that have disappeared over the last 200 years throughout the world.
Phosphates
Because of these, by the mid 1960s many of the nation’s rivers and lakes were rapidly turning green and choking with aquatic plant growth.
Cluster zoning
Intent is to concentrate development in areas where it is wanted and to limit it in areas where it is not
Dillon’s Rule
Cities, towns and counties have no powers other than those assigned to them by state governments.
Ambient standards
Deals with both air and water quality
The Gold Line
The name of the new light rail line from Los Angeles to Pasadena
Tributary
Water, surface or underground, which contributes its water in small quantities to another larger stream
San Antonio Flood of 1998
The city had to buyout homes that were in the floodplain and the city implemented regulatory floodplain preservation
SDREO
San Diego Regional Energy Office
Transit use between 1997 and 2001
Increased 20%
Management by Objective
Created by Peter Drucker in 1954
Capillary fringe
Subsurface layer in which groundwater seeps up from a water table by capillary action to fill pores
Average HH size 2010
2.5
SCAG
Southern California Association of Governments
Isohyet
A geographic border that divides precipitation amounts
Time spent for project manager
Initiating 5% Planning 35% Executing 25% Controlling 25% Closing 10%
Work breakdown structure (WBS)
Start with deliverable in mind
Work from general to specific
Consistent and simple numbering system
Identify tasks truly necessary to objective
R-11 - R-28
Minimum level of insulation for exterior walls for home heating system
PERT
A graphic depiction of the interrelationships of the tasks that make up the project
Consistency Requirement
Rezonings must comply with comprehensive plan
Applies to both the zoning map and the zoning ordinance
Involves a detailed process of zoning conformance
Number of federally-recognized tribes
562
$6,000
The average car costs more than this to own and operate per year
Cone of depression
The zone that becomes unsaturated when a well in an unconfined aquifer is pumped
Nonconforming uses
Legally established under the zoning regulations that were in effect at the time of their development
In 2001, households earning less than $14,000 per year spent nearly 40% of their income on…
Transportation
How much more often does a city dweller in Europe ride buses and trains compared to Americans?
Seven times as often
Harlem Piers
Redevelopment project along the Hudson River
First council of government
Detroit in 1954
Joliet, IL in 2001
Built an auto racing track, producing 2,000 construction jobs, 1,500 jobs, $35M in annual wages, $300,000 in new tax revenue, and an estimated total impact of $32M
Compact fluorescent lights
Can last up to 10 times longer than a standard incandescent light
Fastest growing MSAs from 2000-2010
Palm Coast, FL
St. George, UT
Las Vegas-Paradise, NV
In 1994, how many US residents were foreign born?
1 out of 11
Satisficing
A method for making a choice from a set of alternative encountered sequentially when one does not know much about the possibilities ahead of time.
Housing Act of 1937
Tied slum clearance to public housing
Wagner-Steagall Act
$500M in loans
Housing Act of 1954
Focused on slum prevention and urban renewal
Housing Act of 1934
Established FSLIC for insuring savings deposits and FHA for insuring individual home mortgages
Housing Act of 1949
The first comprehensive housing legislation
Designed to have a goal to construct 800,000 residential units
Known as the Wagner-Ellender-Taft Bill
Great Streets
Great Places in America designation as determined by APA
Flat organization
Has few middle managers, shared responsibility for program implementation, and employees are empowered to make decisions.
Township
Has 36 sections
Easement by necessity
Allows a landlocked landowner to access a public highway over another’s public land when no relief is available.
Gateway City
An older industrial city being stabilized by new immigration.
Building permit caps
Would be used to control growth coinciding with a capital improvements plan. It times the issuance of building permits to coincide with the community’s ability to support development and its demands
Collaborative rationality
Includes diversity, interdependence, and authentic dialogue (DIAD). Innes and Booher
District heating
Waste hear from nuclear power plants and multiple small renewable energy generators. Used on many college campuses, including MSU and ND.
Cities in Transition
Include First Suburbs, Boom-Bust cities, and Legacy cities.
Homelessness in the 1990s
Increased due to declining rental assistance, increased de-institutionalization of mental patients, and housing costs outstripping personal income growth.
Woonerf
Street where pedestrians and cyclists have legal priority over motorists.
MAP-21
- Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act funds surface transportation programs at over $105B.
- It could include community-led planning for neighborhood revitalization around transit lines, using TIFIA loans for transportation infrastructure projects, construction of local ferry boat facilities.
Superior Court
Would review an appeal of a zoning board of appeals denial of variance.
Walkscore
To obtain the highest score, an amenity must be within 1/4 of a mile.
Special exception
Most likely avenue to pursue an allowed use, subject to specific conditions.
Federal Telecommunications Act of 1996
Municipality may not prohibit proposed wireless services facilities, discriminate between providers of wireless services, or regulate proposed wireless communications facilities regarding the potential health effects of radio-frequency emissions.
Wicked problem
Situation where you need to build consensus around an issue that is ill-defined and has no alternatives.
US population by 2040
Likely to exceed 400 million.
Section 404 of Clean Water Act
Authorizes the Army Corps of Engineers to issue permits for the discharge of dredged or fill material into the navigable waters of the U.S.
Cohort Survival Method
Detailed, very accurate method for making short-term population projections that can handle multiple variables.
Section 701
Housing Act of 1954 - Funds to be used for comprehensive planning for small communities.
Disjointed incrementalism
Is an alternative to synoptic rationality, a way of getting information about a proposed project, and a scenario which envisions a series of actions by one actor in an interactive system.
Land and Water Conservation Fund
Requires states to prepare outdoor recreation plans as a prerequisite for federal dollars.
Toxic Substances Control Act
Regulates the use of new and existing chemicals and mixtures. Must notify EPA through pre-manufacture notice 90 days prior to manufacture or import of substance for non-exempt purposes.
Municipal landfill
Most appropriate way to regulate is by conditional use permit.
1916 New York Zoning Resolution
Uses in zoning districts were cumulative.
Infrastructure network
Determined by extent of service area, projected population, and projected per capita service level requirements.
Fiscal impact analysis
Assist city or county officials in determining if a project will generate sufficient revenue to defray necessary public service costs.
Rational comprehensive method for decision making
Requires clarification of values, consideration of extensive data, and consideration of all relevant factors.
Transformative Incrementalism
TI was developed by Rob Buchan. Similar to Incrementalism, but focuses on changing values and attitudes over time to achieve ends rather than only making small steps towards ends.
