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HBA Revision > Movement of Molecules > Flashcards

Movement of Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

What % of body weight is water for males and females?

A

60% males

55% females

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2
Q

What % of fluids are intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid?

A

2/3 intracellular fluid

1/3 extracellular fluid

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3
Q

What % of extracellular fluid is interstitual fluid and plasma?

A

80% extracellular fluid

20% plasma

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4
Q

Order composition of fluids from largest to smallest

A
  1. 2/3 of body weight is fluids
  2. 60% of ICF
  3. 80% is interstitual fluid
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5
Q

What is a solute?

A

anything that is dissolved in a solvent

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6
Q

What is a solvent?

A

anything that dissolves other substances

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7
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

charged ions that dissociate in water (break up)

eg. sodium, pottasiumm

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8
Q

What are some examples of non-electrolytes?

A

Glucose, lipids, urea

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9
Q

What are 2 passive processes?

A

diffusion and ozmosis

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10
Q

What is an example of a primary active process?

A

sodium-pottasium pump

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11
Q

What is an example of secondary active transport?

A

symporters and anti-porters (indirectly uses ATP)

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12
Q

What is an example of vesicular active transport?

A

endocytosis and exocytosis

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13
Q

What is the chemical sign for pottasium and sodium?

A

Pottasium - K+

Sodium - Na+

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14
Q

Is there higher or lower concentration of sodium found outside the cells?

A

Higher

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15
Q

How many sodium ions are moved out of the cell for every potassium ions moved in?

A

3 sodium out, for 2 potassium in

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16
Q

What is the difference between an antiporter and a symporter?

A

Antiporter - can move molecule in different direction

Symporter - can move molecule in same direction

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17
Q

What is bulk phase endocytosis?

A

cell drinking, tiny droplets of ECF are engulfed

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18
Q

What does an acid do?

A

releases/donates hydrogen ions when in a solution

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19
Q

What does a base do?

A

accepts/removes hydrogen ions from a solution

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20
Q

What is an example of a base and an acid?

A

Base - bicarbonate ion

Acid - hydrochloric acid

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21
Q

What is acidosis?

A

excess hydrogen ions in the body (pH has dropped)

22
Q

What does BAD stand for?

A

“Bases accept, acids donate?

23
Q

On a pH scale what does below 7 indicate?

A

acidic, lots of hydrogen ions

24
Q

On a pH scale what does above 7 indicate?

A

basic (alkaline), less hydrogen ions

25
Q

What determines how acidic/basic a solution is?

A

the concentration of free hydrogen ions in the body

26
Q

What is the plasma fluid pH?

A

7.35 - 7.45

27
Q

What is the function of a buffer system?

A

a solution that will resist changes in pH when a strong acid/base is added, to maintain pH within narrow limit

Either:

  • bind to extra free H+ ions
  • release more free H+ ions
28
Q

What is an example of a chemical buffer?

A

Bicarbonate system

29
Q

What is the chemical equation of the bicarbonate system?

A

carbonate acid -> bicarbonate ion + hydrogen

30
Q

What is a ligand?

A

chemical that binds to something

31
Q

What is a ligand-gated channel?

A

needs ligand to open

32
Q

What is a mechanically gated channel?

A

closed until mechanical stimulus

deformation of cell, heat, pressure

33
Q

What is a voltage-gated channel?

A

closed until voltage alters the electrical charge of cell

34
Q

What is a leakage channel?

A

Always open, ions move down their concentration gradien

35
Q

What are some factors that influence rate of diffusion?

A
  • steepness of concentration gradient
  • temperature
  • mass of substance
  • surface area
  • distance
36
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

passive process where substances can move freely through the lipid bi-layer of the plasma membrane with the help of protein channels or carriers
eg. gases, non-polar hydrophobic substance, small. molecules

37
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

passive process where molecules that are too polar or highly charged, move through the bilayer of the plasma membrane via a channel or carrier protein

2 types:

  • channel-mediated facilitated diffusion
  • carrier-mediated facilitated diffuion
38
Q

What are the 2 types of diffusion?

A

simple and facilitated

39
Q

What is ozmosis?

A

the movement of water across the plasma membrane from a high concentration of water, to a low concentration of water

40
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

water’s weight forcing it back

41
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

the amount of pressure needing to restore to the starting condition

42
Q

What is tonicity?

A

The ability of solution to change the shape of a cell (because of the movement of water)

43
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

the number of solute particles in a solution

44
Q

What is hypertonic solution?

A

relatively high concentration of non-permeable solutes outside of the cell
- creation (cell shrinks)

45
Q

What is hypotonic solution?

A

relatively low concentration of non-permeable solutes outside of the cell
- lysis (cell bursts)

46
Q

What is an isotonic solution

A

equal concentration of non-permeable solutes in the ICF and ECF
(no net movement of water)

47
Q

What does resting membrane potential mean?

A

a cell’s difference in charge between outside and inside areas, at resting state

48
Q

What are some factors that affect RMP?

A
  • uneven distribution of ions across cell membrane
  • difference in leak channels
  • more potassium leak channels than sodium
49
Q

Is the inside of cell positive or negative at resting state

A

Negative

50
Q

What is the RMP?

A

-70mV

51
Q

Do electrolytes or non-electrolytes dissociate in water?

A

Electrolytes

52
Q

Explain the process of sodium-potassium ATPase

A

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HBA Revision (11 decks)

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