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Principles > Movement > Flashcards

Movement Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A

Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle

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2
Q

Describe the structure of skeletal muscle

A

Skeletal muscle is made from fascicles

Which are made from muscle fibres

Which are made from myofibrils

Which are made from actin and myosin microfilaments

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3
Q

What happens when a muscle is strained?

A

Some muscle fibres are torn

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4
Q

Is skeletal muscle striated?

A

Yes

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5
Q

What increases with increased muscle fibre length?

A

Potential shortening range

Potential range of movement at joint

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6
Q

Name the different types of skeletal muscle and where they can be found

A 
Circular - surrounding eye
Fusiform (spindle) - biceps brachial
Pennate (like a feather) - deltoid
Quadrate - rectus abdominus (abs)
Flat with aponeurosis -external oblique
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7
Q

What must a skeletal muscle do in order to move a joint?

A

Cross joint i.e. Be attached to bones on both sides

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8
Q

What is the only thing a skeletal muscle can do to the origin and insertion?

A

Bring them closer together

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9
Q

In how many places must a skeletal muscle be attached to bones?

A

At least 2

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10
Q

To what do facial muscles insert?

A

The skin

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11
Q

When referring to skeletal muscles, what is the origin?

A

Attachment point
usually proximal
usually remains still during movement

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12
Q

When referring to skeletal muscles, what is the insertion?

A

Attachment point on other side of joint
Usually moves
Usually distal

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13
Q

Can tendons contract?

A

No - noncontractile

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14
Q

What attaches muscle to bone?

A

Tendons

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15
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

A flattened tendon
Often associated with flat muscles
Attach muscle to soft tissue

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16
Q

What features of a muscle can be described in the name?

A 
Shape
Location
Relative size (major, minor, longis, brevus)
Main bony attachment
Main movement
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17
Q

What determines possible movements in joint?

A

Shape or articular surface

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18
Q

How can you carry out a clinical exam on a skeletal muscle?

A

Ask patient to move in certain ways

Test reflex

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19
Q

What is examined in a clinical examination of a skeletal muscle?

A

Power and mobility

Nerve supply

20
Q

What is a reflex?

A

Rapid, involuntary reaction to danger

21
Q

What are the two main reflexes involving skeletal muscles?

A

Stretch

Flexion withdrawal

22
Q

When does the stretch reflex occur?

A

When tendon is stretched, prevents muscle being overstretched

23
Q

When does a flexion withdrawal reflex occur?

A

Touch something dangerous - fire

24
Q

Give some examples of stretch reflexes

A

Knee jerk
Ankle jerk
Triceps jerk
Biceps jerk

25
Q

What happens during a deep tendon reflex?

A

Muscular sensory nerve detects stretch and relays info to spinal cord
Signal passed to motor nerve
Motor nerve stimulates contraction

26
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction?

A

Junction between motor nerve and muscle

27
Q

What is the reflex arc?

A

Route taken by signals during reflex

28
Q

What does a normal stretch reflex indicate?

A

Muscle, sensory and motor nerves, spinal cord connection, neuromuscular junction, and descending controls from brain are working

29
Q

What is muscle paralysis?

A

No functioning motor nerve supply

30
Q

Describe a paralysed muscle?

A

Decreased muscle tone

Cannot contract

31
Q

What is muscle spasticity?

A

Muscle has working motor nerve but descending controls from brain not working

Increased muscle tone shown

32
Q

What occurs during muscular atrophy?

A

Myocytes reduce in size

33
Q

What causes muscular atrophy?

A

Inactivity

Bed bound, cast, damage to motor nerve

34
Q

What is the opposite of atrophy?

A

Hypertrophy

Individual myocytes increase in size

35
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

When the myocyte size remains the same but more cells are formed

36
Q

Describe location and covering of skeletal muscles

A

Deep to deep fascia

Covered by fibrous connective tissue

37
Q

What are the fascia and muscle compartments separated by?

A

Deep fascia and intermuscular septum

38
Q

Name the compartments in the thigh

A

Anterior
Medical
Posterior

39
Q

Name the compartments in the leg

A

Anterior
Posterior
Lateral

40
Q

Name the compartments in the arm

A

Anterior

Posterior

41
Q

Name the compartments in the forearm

A

Anterior

Posterior

42
Q

What is a fasciotomy?

A

An emergency procedure to relieve pressure in limb

43
Q

What can happen when there is swelling or bleeding in a compartment?

A

No where else to go - pressure increases

Can disrupt nerve and muscle function

44
Q

What kind of muscle is the diaphragm made of?

A

Skeletal

45
Q

What do skeletal muscles control in proximal alimentary/respiratory tract?

A

Coughing, sneezing, gagging, swallowing, vomiting,

Principles (21 decks)

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