Body Systems Flashcards
What are the basic structural and functional units in our bodies?
Cells
What do cells make when they join together?
Tissues
What do tissues make when they join together?
Organs
What do organs make when they join together?
Systems
What is needed to make ATP?
Oxygen and nutrients
What are the byproducts of ATP production?
Carbon dioxide and water
Name the ten body systems
Cardiovascular Respiratory Musculoskeletal Gastrointestinal Urinary Lymphatic Endocrine Reproductive Nervous Integumentary
Why do cells need energy?
For metabolic processes
For their specific function
What are the 4 basic tissue types?
Nervous, epithelial, muscle and connective
What is a system?
A group of organs with related functions
What does the Gastrointesinal (GI) system do?
Break down large molecules into smaller molecules so they can be absorbed by veins in the small intestine
Where do veins from the small intestine drain to?
The liver
Which organs are associated with the GI system?
pancreas, liver, spleen
What is the GI tract?
The continuous tube from the mouth to the anus
What does the liver do with nutrients?
Stores them
Turns them into other substances
Returns them to venous blood
What does the liver do with dangerous substances?
metabolies/detoxify them
eg alcohol
What is the cardiovascular system?
heart and blood vessels
Which side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood?
left - towards body
Which side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood?
right - towards lungs
Describe the direction of blood flow through the vessels
Heart - artery - arteriole - capillary bed - venule - vein - Heart
Describe how oxygen is taken from the air and moved to the body cells
Breathed in through nose
Moves through respiratory tree (the progressively smaller tubes connecting the nose to the alveoli)
Oxygen diffuses through thin walls of alveoli into capillaries
Oxygenated blood pumped to body cells
Oxygen diffuses into cells from capillary beds
Carbon dioxide takes the same path but in a reversed order
How is oxygen carried by the blood?
It reversibly binds to haemoglobin
What cells are found in the blood?
RBCs
Platelets - involved in clotting
White blood cells - defend the body from infection
What is anaemia?
A low level of haemoglobin in the blood
What is tissue fluid?
Fluid which has been forced out of the blood by the small size of capillaries which is now in the spaces between cells
What is lymph?
Tissue fluid which has been absorbed by a lymphatic vessel
What is the major lymphatic vessel in the body?
thoracic duct
What does the thoracic duct do?
Carries lymph back to veins in the root of the neck
What do carbon dioxide and water form?
Carbonic acid
When is lactic acid produced?
During anaerobic respiration
How and why are carbonic and lactic acid removed from the body?
Carbonic - respiratory system removes CO2 so it cannot be formed
Lactic - renal system excretes it
This ensures the pH of the body is kept withing a narrow range
What kinds of waste do we produce?
Cellular debris Indigestible foodstuffs Bacteria Commensals Pathogens Drugs Passed in faeces or urine
Foreign bodies - atmospheric carbon, microorganisms, cancer cells
Drained to lymph nodes
What is the integumentary system and what is it’s function?
The skin - acts as a barrier towards external environment
provides physical protection, waterproof, aids in the control of body temperature, protects a little from UV radiation
Can lymph nodes be palpated?
Not normally, but they can be when enlarged when they are actively fighting against infection/ cancer
Name the discrete areas of lymphatic tissue within the body
Tonsils, Spleen, Parts of GI tract
These areas help to identify and stop pathogens
What does the nervous system allow us to do?
Sense our external and internal environment and put an appropriate response into action
What are the three parts of the nervous system?
Sensory
Motor
CNS
Name seven endocrine glands
Thyroid and Parathyroid Adrenal Pituitary Ovary and Testis Pancreas
What do the endocrine glands do?
Secrete hormones into capillary blood
Why are the musculoskeletal and nervous system linked?
Skeletal muscles must receive a signal from a motor nerve in order to contract
What does the musculoskeletal system do?
enables the lungs to inhale and exhale air
enables body to move which allows organism to seek out and ingest food/water
allows organism to physically escape dangerous situations
What does the reproductive system do?
Ensures the survival of the species beyond individual members
What does VINDICATEM stand for?
Vascular Infectious/inflammatory Neoplastic Drugs/toxins Intervention/iatrogenic Congenital/developmental Autoimmune Trauma Endocrine Metabolic
