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Principles > Anatomy of the Cell > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Name the general components in a cell from most to least

A 
Water
protein
lipid
carbohydrate
inorganic
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2
Q

What do all eukaryotic cells contain?

A 
an outer membrane
an inner cytosol/cytoplasm
a cytoskeleton
membrane bound organelles
inclusions
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3
Q

What does the

cell membrane do?

A

Separates inside of cell from outside of cell
Contains integral proteins including receptors, channels, transporters, enzymes and cell attachment proteins.
Can exocytose and endocytose substances across membrane

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4
Q

Why is the cell membrane fluid?

A

Changes shape easily

Membrane proteins can diffuse laterally (some are anchored)

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5
Q

Why is the cell membrane selectively permeable?

A

Water, Oxygen and small HYDROPHOBIC molecules can penetrate the membrane
Charged ions cannot penetrate membrane

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6
Q

What does the plasmalemma contain?

A

integral and peripheral proteins and cholesterol

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7
Q

What is the difference between an organelle and an inclusion?

A

Organelle - necessary for cell function and survival

Inclusion - dispensable and transient

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8
Q

What do the Mitochondria do?

A

Produce energy (ATP)

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9
Q

What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

Involved in protein synthesis

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10
Q

What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

Synthesises and detoxifies cholesterol and lipids

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11
Q

What does the Golgi Apparatus do?

A

Modifies and packages proteins

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12
Q

Give examples of inclusions

A

Substances synthesised by cell eg pigments, glycogen stores, lipid droplets,presecretion product
or taken from extracellular envrionment eg endocytotic vesicle

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13
Q

Name the three main classes of filaments

A

Micro filaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

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14
Q

Describe the Microfilaments

A

Made of two strands of actin twisted together
7nm diameter
Easy to assemble and disassemble

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15
Q

Describe intermediate filaments

A

Types divided into classes used to identify origin of tumour in pathology
10 - 15nm

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16
Q

Where are neurofilaments found?

A

nerve cells

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17
Q

Where are glial fibrillary acidic proteins found?

A

Glial cells

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18
Q

Where are desmins found?

A

Muscle cells

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19
Q

Where are cytokeratins found?

A

epithelial cells

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20
Q

Where are vimentin found?

A

mesenchymal cells

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21
Q

Where are Filesin found?

A

lens of eye

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22
Q

Where are lamin found?

A

Nuclei of all cells

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23
Q

Describe Microtubules

A

hollow tube made of alternating alpha and beta tubulin
Can assemble and disassemble
Come from centrosome organising centre (CTOC)

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24
Q

What does MAPS stand for?

A

Microtubule-associated proteins

25
Q

What do microtubules do?

A

Transport substances from centre of cell to membrane and back
Important in cilia, flagella, mitotic spindle, and neurons

26
Q

What are Kinesin and Dynein?

A

ATPases which associate with organelle/vesicle membranes and transport them along microtubule
Kinesin - to cell periphery
Dynein - to cell centre

27
Q

What surrounds the nucleus?

A

Nuclear envelope made of inner and outer membrane

Membranes contain pores to join it up to cytoplasm

28
Q

What is between the inner and outer layer of nuclear membrane?

A

Perinuclear cistern which is continuous with the cistern of the endoplasmic reticulum

29
Q

What is in the outer nuclear membrane?

A

Ribosomes

is continuous with rough endoplasmic reticulum

30
Q

Where are mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA transcribed?

A

mRNA and tRNA in the nucleus

rRNA in the nucleolus

31
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

Euchromatin - DNA currently undergoing transcription

Heterochromatin - DNA not currently undergoing transcription

32
Q

Where are ribosomes formed?

A

In the nucleolus

33
Q

What is the structure of a ribosome?

A

Two subunits:

  • small unit, binds RNA
  • large unit, catalyses formation of peptide bonds
34
Q

What does reticulum mean?

A

Net-like structure

35
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Network of interconnecting membrane bound compartments

36
Q

What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

Containing embedded ribosomes, it is instrumental in the production of proteins which will be placed in the cell membrane/ secreted

37
Q

What do polysomes produce?

A

Proteins which will stay in the cytosol

38
Q

Describe the process of protein synthesis including the RER

A

Ribosome binds to mRNA
If ER signal peptide sequence present, new peptide will grow into an ER pore
New peptide formed in ER, signal sequence removed
Ribosome detaches and protein moves into SER

39
Q

What kind of cells contain large quantities of ER?

A

Cells which are metabolically active

40
Q

What does smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

Synthesises lipids

Processes proteins from RER

41
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

Several cisternae bound by membranes which modify and package macromolecules produced in ER

42
Q

What can the Golgi apparatus do to modify macromolecules?

A

Add sugars
Cleave proteins
Sort into vesicles

43
Q

How are macromolecules transported to Golgi apparatus?

A

In vesicles

44
Q

describe the structure of a mitochondrion

A

have an outer and inner membrance
inner membrance is folded, creating cristae which increase the total surface area
contain their own DNA

45
Q

What does it mean if a cell contains many mitochondria?

A

Cell is metabolically active

46
Q

What is an intercellular junction?

List the three types

A

structures which link the membranes of individual cells together
Occluding junctions
Anchoring junctions
Communicating junctions

47
Q

What is an Occluding junction?

A

an area where proteins from both cell membranes interact and hold the cells together

this prevents diffusion between the cells

48
Q

What other names exist for an occluding junction?

A

Tight junction or zonula occludens

49
Q

What is an Anchoring junction?

A

When Cadherin molecules which span the membrane bind to each other between the two cells
the cadherin is attached to actin in the cytoskeleton via other molecules

50
Q

What other names exist for anchoring junctions?

A

Adherent junctions or zonula adherens

51
Q

What is a desmosome/macula adherens?

A

Link between the intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton of two cells
common in epithelial tissue

52
Q

What is a junctional complex?

A

Several different junctions found very close together

53
Q

What is a communicating junction?

A

A group of pores between two cells which allows some molecules to diffuse through to the other cell
Pores are formed by connexon proteins
Also known as gap junctions
Allows a wave of excitation to spread (cardiac and smooth muscle)

54
Q

Name the three ways substances can be moved across a cell membrane

A

Diffusion
By the action of transport proteins
By vesicular transport

55
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

When material is brought into a cell by the invagination of the membrane
Receptors can control this process

56
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

The opposite of endocytosis

57
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

When a phagocyte takes up material from outside the cell and combines it with lysosomal enzymes to break down the material

58
Q

What is a;
phagosome?
phagolysosome?

A

the vesicle containing the material brought in

the phagosome with lysosomal enzymes added

Principles (21 decks)

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