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Embryology and Anatomy of Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What term is used to describe a developing child up to 3 weeks of age?

A

Conceptus/embryo

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2
Q

What term is used to describe a developing child from week 4 to week 8?

A

Embryo

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3
Q

What term is used to describe a developing child from week 9 until birth?

A

Foetus

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4
Q

What is embryogenesis?

A

the formation and development of an embryo

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5
Q

What is gametogenesis?

A

formation of germ cells (gametes)

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6
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

Formation of oocyte/ovum

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7
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

Formation of spermatozoa (sperm cells)

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8
Q

What occurs during fertilisation?

A

Sperm and oocyte join forming the zygote

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9
Q

What is cleavage?

A

Rapid cell division with no increase in cell size

First 8 cells are totipotent

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10
Q

Describe the morula

A

Cells have formed connections with each other to eliminate gaps between them
Everything is within the protein coat

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11
Q

Describe the blastocyst

A

Contains fluid
Cells organise themselves into two groups:
those around edge become the placenta
those in the middle become the embryo

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12
Q

When does the nervous tube begin to develop?

A

3 weeks - growth is slow

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13
Q

By when is heart development underway?

A

4 weeks

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14
Q

What occurs during gastrulation?

A

Germ layers form (week 3)

Axes of body determined

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15
Q

Name the three germ layers formed during gastrulation

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

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16
Q

What is organogenesis?

A

Formation of organs and systems, foundations for every system are laid during embryonic period

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17
Q

What occurs during the foetal period?

A 
Growth and weight gain
Maturation of tissues
Differentiation between sexes noted
Bone formation
Formation of connections in CNS
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18
Q

What term is used to describe near the head of the foetus?

What is the opposite?

A

Cranial

Caudal

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19
Q

What term is used to describe near the chest and back of the foetus?

A

Ventral

Dorsal

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20
Q

Why are different anatomical terms used when referring to a foetus rather than an adult?

A

Foetus may be curled up making usual terms confusing

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21
Q

What are the primary processes which lead to the development of all the cells?

A 
Cell division
Differentiation
Cell attachment
Apoptosis
Induction
Cell migration
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22
Q

How does cell attachment promote development?

A

Enables formation of tissues

Allows cells to physically link

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23
Q

What is induction?

A

When one cell type initiates the differentiation of another either directly or indirectly

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24
Q

What is cell migration?

A

Movement of cells to another location

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25
What two secondary processes promote development?
Axis formation | Folding/Rotation - allows complex 3D structures (organs) to be created
26
How is foetal development controlled?
Gene expression - must be precise in timing and location Epigenetic factors Environmental factors
27
What does epigenetic refer to?
When either the maternal or paternal gene is treated preferentially
28
What is genetic imprinting?
When a gene from either the maternal or paternal chromosome is silenced If the correct genes are not silenced genetic disorders occur
29
Where does fertilisation occur?
in the ampulla
30
What are the steps in fertilisation? | 4
Sperm binds with zona pellucida glycoprotein Acrosomal enzymes released from sperm head, sperm digests path into ovum Cell membranes of sperm and ovum fuse, sperm contents enters ovum Completion of meiosis 2 and release of cortical granules triggered
31
What are the daughter cells formed during cleavage called?
Blastomeres
32
What is compaction?
The process of forming cell junctions to eliminate gaps between the cells Fluid then enters through the zona pellucida
33
Describe the parts of the blastocyst
Zona pellucida Trophoblast Blastocyst cavity Embryoblast
34
Where does the embryo usually implant in the uterus?
Middle or upper dorsal uterine wall
35
What is ectopic implantation?
When the embryo implants outwith uterine cavity | eg ovary, ampulla, uterine tube, lower part of uterus, cervix, peritoneum, in abdominal cavity
36
What are the dangers of an ectopic pregnancy?
haemorrhage - tissues cannot stretch to accommodate growth of embryo and instead damage is done
37
Describe gastrulation
The bilaminar disc becomes trilaminar Epiblast cells lose their cell junctions and migrate through primitive streak to form the three primary germ layers ie. Epiblast becomes ectoderm Migrating epiblast cells become Mesoderm Hypoblast becomes Endoderm
38
Which major tissue is derived from the ectoderm?
``` Epidermis of skin (hair, nails, associated glands) Nervous system (CNS and PNS) ```
39
What does the mesoderm develop into?
Intraembryonic mesoderm Extraembryonic mesoderm Endo derm (form around notochord) Paraxial mesoderm Intermediate mesoderm Lateral plate mesoderm
40
Which tissues are derived from the endoderm?
lining of gut tube lining of respiratorty tract lining of bladder and urethra
41
What kind of junctions do outer cells form during compaction?
gap junctions
42
What is the zona pellucida?
The protein coat around the ovum
43
What is the trophoblast?
The cells which will develop into the placenta
44
What is the blastocyst cavity?
Fluid filled cavity in centre of blastocyte
45
What is the Embryoblast?
The inner cells which will develop into the embryo proper, amnion, and yolk sac
46
When does it become difficult to count indvidual cells?
At compaction
47
What are the steps in implantation?
Trophoblast develops into syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast Syncytiotrophoblast secretes enzymes allowing blastocyst to embed in uterine wall
48
What does the embryoblast do during implantation?
Differentiate into two layers of cells: | epiblast and hypoblast
49
Which embryo surface does the epiblast form?
dorsal surface
50
Which embryo surface does the hypoblast form?
ventral surface
51
Where is the amniotic cavity?
Above the bilaminar embryonic disc
52
Where is the definitive yolk sac?
Below the bilaminar embyronic disc
53
Where is the chorionic cavity?
Around the whole embryo
54
What does the oropharyngeal membrane become? | Is it at the cranial or caudal end of the embryo?
the mouth | cranial
55
Is the primitive streak at the cranial or caudal end of the embryo?
Caudal
56
What does the paraxial mesoderm become?
The axial skeleton, voluntary muscle, and parts of dermis
57
What doe the intermediate mesoderm become?
Urogenital systems kidney and ureter gonads and associated structures
58
What does the somatic lateral plate mesoderm become?
lining of body wall large part of dermis parts of the limbs
59
What does the visceral lateral plate mesoderm become?
CV system mesothelial covering of organs smooth muscle
60
Where is the pelvic cavity?
Within bony pelvis Continuous with abdominal cavity Between pelvic inlet and outlet
61
What is the pelvic floor?
Wall of skeletal muscle separating pelvic cavity and perineum
62
What is the parietal perineum?
Lining of abdominal cavity which loosely drapes over pelvic viscera
63
What is the recto-uterine pouch? (pouch of Douglas) | Why is it clinically important?
Most inferior folding of peritoneum between uterus and rectum Any fluid in abdominal cavity collects there and can be accessed from the posterior part of the uterus
64
What is the vesico-uterine pouch?
Folding of peritoneum between bladder and uterus
65
What are the female productive organs?
Ovaries
66
What are the female accessory reproductive organs?
Uterus Uterine tubes Vagina
67
How many layers does the uterine wall have? | Name each
3 layers perimetrium myometrium endometrium
68
What is the difference between the perineum and peritoneum?
Perineum - area containing external sexual organs | Peritoneum - lines the abdominal cavity
69
Describe the parts of the uterine tubes starting from the inside the uterus and moving towards the ovaries
``` Isthmus Ampulla Infundibulum Fimbriae (open to abdominal cavity) ```
70
Describe the movement of an ovum during menstruation
Released from ovary into peritoneal cavity Gathered into infundibulum by fimbrae Ovum is moved along uterine tube by action of cilia Unfertilised ovum moved out of uterus by myometrial contractions
71
What can cause peritonitis?
STIs
72
Other than surgery, what can occlude or damage the uterine tubes?
STIs
73
What is the procedure for female sterilisation called? | What is done?
Tubal ligation | Both uterine tubes are clipped, cut, or cauterised to occlude them
74
Where do the testes develop?
On the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity
75
When and how do they descend into the scrotum?
Before birth | Through the inguinal canal
76
What is the name of the tube through which the sperm exit the testes?
Vas deferens
77
Describe the path the sperm follow
Seminiferous tubules rete testis head of epididymis which is continuous with vas deferens
78
What does the spermatic cord contain?
Vas deferens Testicular artery Pampiniform plexus of veins
79
What is testicular torsion?
When spermatic cord is twisted | Blood supply disrupted, danger of necrosis
80
Where is the prostatic urethra and what is it's function?
In prostate gland | Drains urine from bladder and semen pass through from both vas deferens
81
Where is the spongy urethra?
After prostate gland
82
What are the male reproductive organs?
Testes
83
What are the male accessory reproductive organs?
Vas deferens Seminal glands Prostate gland Penis

Principles (21 decks)

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