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Principles > Embryology and Anatomy of Reproductive System > Flashcards

Embryology and Anatomy of Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What term is used to describe a developing child up to 3 weeks of age?

A

Conceptus/embryo

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2
Q

What term is used to describe a developing child from week 4 to week 8?

A

Embryo

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3
Q

What term is used to describe a developing child from week 9 until birth?

A

Foetus

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4
Q

What is embryogenesis?

A

the formation and development of an embryo

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5
Q

What is gametogenesis?

A

formation of germ cells (gametes)

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6
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

Formation of oocyte/ovum

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7
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

Formation of spermatozoa (sperm cells)

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8
Q

What occurs during fertilisation?

A

Sperm and oocyte join forming the zygote

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9
Q

What is cleavage?

A

Rapid cell division with no increase in cell size

First 8 cells are totipotent

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10
Q

Describe the morula

A

Cells have formed connections with each other to eliminate gaps between them
Everything is within the protein coat

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11
Q

Describe the blastocyst

A

Contains fluid
Cells organise themselves into two groups:
those around edge become the placenta
those in the middle become the embryo

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12
Q

When does the nervous tube begin to develop?

A

3 weeks - growth is slow

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13
Q

By when is heart development underway?

A

4 weeks

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14
Q

What occurs during gastrulation?

A

Germ layers form (week 3)

Axes of body determined

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15
Q

Name the three germ layers formed during gastrulation

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

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16
Q

What is organogenesis?

A

Formation of organs and systems, foundations for every system are laid during embryonic period

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17
Q

What occurs during the foetal period?

A 
Growth and weight gain
Maturation of tissues
Differentiation between sexes noted
Bone formation
Formation of connections in CNS
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18
Q

What term is used to describe near the head of the foetus?

What is the opposite?

A

Cranial

Caudal

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19
Q

What term is used to describe near the chest and back of the foetus?

A

Ventral

Dorsal

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20
Q

Why are different anatomical terms used when referring to a foetus rather than an adult?

A

Foetus may be curled up making usual terms confusing

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21
Q

What are the primary processes which lead to the development of all the cells?

A 
Cell division
Differentiation
Cell attachment
Apoptosis
Induction
Cell migration
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22
Q

How does cell attachment promote development?

A

Enables formation of tissues

Allows cells to physically link

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23
Q

What is induction?

A

When one cell type initiates the differentiation of another either directly or indirectly

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24
Q

What is cell migration?

A

Movement of cells to another location

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25
Q

What two secondary processes promote development?

A

Axis formation

Folding/Rotation - allows complex 3D structures (organs) to be created

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26
Q

How is foetal development controlled?

A

Gene expression - must be precise in timing and location
Epigenetic factors
Environmental factors

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27
Q

What does epigenetic refer to?

A

When either the maternal or paternal gene is treated preferentially

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28
Q

What is genetic imprinting?

A

When a gene from either the maternal or paternal chromosome is silenced

If the correct genes are not silenced genetic disorders occur

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29
Q

Where does fertilisation occur?

A

in the ampulla

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30
Q

What are the steps in fertilisation?

4

A

Sperm binds with zona pellucida glycoprotein
Acrosomal enzymes released from sperm head, sperm digests path into ovum
Cell membranes of sperm and ovum fuse, sperm contents enters ovum
Completion of meiosis 2 and release of cortical granules triggered

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31
Q

What are the daughter cells formed during cleavage called?

A

Blastomeres

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32
Q

What is compaction?

A

The process of forming cell junctions to eliminate gaps between the cells

Fluid then enters through the zona pellucida

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33
Q

Describe the parts of the blastocyst

A

Zona pellucida
Trophoblast
Blastocyst cavity
Embryoblast

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34
Q

Where does the embryo usually implant in the uterus?

A

Middle or upper dorsal uterine wall

35
Q

What is ectopic implantation?

A

When the embryo implants outwith uterine cavity

eg ovary, ampulla, uterine tube, lower part of uterus, cervix, peritoneum, in abdominal cavity

36
Q

What are the dangers of an ectopic pregnancy?

A

haemorrhage - tissues cannot stretch to accommodate growth of embryo and instead damage is done

37
Q

Describe gastrulation

A

The bilaminar disc becomes trilaminar
Epiblast cells lose their cell junctions and migrate through primitive streak to form the three primary germ layers ie.

Epiblast becomes ectoderm
Migrating epiblast cells become Mesoderm
Hypoblast becomes Endoderm

38
Q

Which major tissue is derived from the ectoderm?

A 
Epidermis of skin (hair, nails, associated glands)
Nervous system (CNS and PNS)
39
Q

What does the mesoderm develop into?

A

Intraembryonic mesoderm
Extraembryonic mesoderm
Endo derm

(form around notochord)

Paraxial mesoderm
Intermediate mesoderm
Lateral plate mesoderm

40
Q

Which tissues are derived from the endoderm?

A

lining of gut tube
lining of respiratorty tract
lining of bladder and urethra

41
Q

What kind of junctions do outer cells form during compaction?

A

gap junctions

42
Q

What is the zona pellucida?

A

The protein coat around the ovum

43
Q

What is the trophoblast?

A

The cells which will develop into the placenta

44
Q

What is the blastocyst cavity?

A

Fluid filled cavity in centre of blastocyte

45
Q

What is the Embryoblast?

A

The inner cells which will develop into the embryo proper, amnion, and yolk sac

46
Q

When does it become difficult to count indvidual cells?

A

At compaction

47
Q

What are the steps in implantation?

A

Trophoblast develops into syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast
Syncytiotrophoblast secretes enzymes allowing blastocyst to embed in uterine wall

48
Q

What does the embryoblast do during implantation?

A

Differentiate into two layers of cells:

epiblast and hypoblast

49
Q

Which embryo surface does the epiblast form?

A

dorsal surface

50
Q

Which embryo surface does the hypoblast form?

A

ventral surface

51
Q

Where is the amniotic cavity?

A

Above the bilaminar embryonic disc

52
Q

Where is the definitive yolk sac?

A

Below the bilaminar embyronic disc

53
Q

Where is the chorionic cavity?

A

Around the whole embryo

54
Q

What does the oropharyngeal membrane become?

Is it at the cranial or caudal end of the embryo?

A

the mouth

cranial

55
Q

Is the primitive streak at the cranial or caudal end of the embryo?

A

Caudal

56
Q

What does the paraxial mesoderm become?

A

The axial skeleton, voluntary muscle, and parts of dermis

57
Q

What doe the intermediate mesoderm become?

A

Urogenital systems
kidney and ureter
gonads and associated structures

58
Q

What does the somatic lateral plate mesoderm become?

A

lining of body wall
large part of dermis
parts of the limbs

59
Q

What does the visceral lateral plate mesoderm become?

A

CV system
mesothelial covering of organs
smooth muscle

60
Q

Where is the pelvic cavity?

A

Within bony pelvis
Continuous with abdominal cavity
Between pelvic inlet and outlet

61
Q

What is the pelvic floor?

A

Wall of skeletal muscle separating pelvic cavity and perineum

62
Q

What is the parietal perineum?

A

Lining of abdominal cavity which loosely drapes over pelvic viscera

63
Q

What is the recto-uterine pouch? (pouch of Douglas)

Why is it clinically important?

A

Most inferior folding of peritoneum between uterus and rectum
Any fluid in abdominal cavity collects there and can be accessed from the posterior part of the uterus

64
Q

What is the vesico-uterine pouch?

A

Folding of peritoneum between bladder and uterus

65
Q

What are the female productive organs?

A

Ovaries

66
Q

What are the female accessory reproductive organs?

A

Uterus
Uterine tubes
Vagina

67
Q

How many layers does the uterine wall have?

Name each

A

3 layers

perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium

68
Q

What is the difference between the perineum and peritoneum?

A

Perineum - area containing external sexual organs

Peritoneum - lines the abdominal cavity

69
Q

Describe the parts of the uterine tubes starting from the inside the uterus and moving towards the ovaries

A 
Isthmus
Ampulla
Infundibulum
Fimbriae
(open to abdominal cavity)
70
Q

Describe the movement of an ovum during menstruation

A

Released from ovary into peritoneal cavity
Gathered into infundibulum by fimbrae
Ovum is moved along uterine tube by action of cilia
Unfertilised ovum moved out of uterus by myometrial contractions

71
Q

What can cause peritonitis?

A

STIs

72
Q

Other than surgery, what can occlude or damage the uterine tubes?

A

STIs

73
Q

What is the procedure for female sterilisation called?

What is done?

A

Tubal ligation

Both uterine tubes are clipped, cut, or cauterised to occlude them

74
Q

Where do the testes develop?

A

On the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity

75
Q

When and how do they descend into the scrotum?

A

Before birth

Through the inguinal canal

76
Q

What is the name of the tube through which the sperm exit the testes?

A

Vas deferens

77
Q

Describe the path the sperm follow

A

Seminiferous tubules
rete testis
head of epididymis which is continuous with vas deferens

78
Q

What does the spermatic cord contain?

A

Vas deferens
Testicular artery
Pampiniform plexus of veins

79
Q

What is testicular torsion?

A

When spermatic cord is twisted

Blood supply disrupted, danger of necrosis

80
Q

Where is the prostatic urethra and what is it’s function?

A

In prostate gland

Drains urine from bladder and semen pass through from both vas deferens

81
Q

Where is the spongy urethra?

A

After prostate gland

82
Q

What are the male reproductive organs?

A

Testes

83
Q

What are the male accessory reproductive organs?

A

Vas deferens
Seminal glands
Prostate gland
Penis

Principles (21 decks)

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