Diversity of Cells

Question 1

What must tissue be impregnated with and why?

Answer 1

A support material such as wax to maintain structure of cells in thin slice

Unnecessary for cell smears

Question 2

Why must tissue be sliced thinly to view under microscope?

Answer 2

To allow light to penetrate tissue

Question 3

How is tissue treated with wax?

Answer 3

First dehydrated, put in organic solvent, and placed in hot wax for several hours

Question 4

How are thin tissue sections cut?

Answer 4

Using a microtome

Question 5

Explain process to prepare tissue for viewing

Answer 5

Thin sections put on slides, wax washed away and tissue is rehydrated

Question 6

What are artifacts?

Answer 6

Small changes in the tissue caused by the preparation process

Question 7

What is haematoxylin?

Answer 7

A basic dye which binds to acidic molecules and stains them purple

eg. the nucleus

Question 8

What is eosin?

Answer 8

An acidic dye which binds to basic molecules and stains them pink

eg. proteins in cytoplasm

Question 9

Why are epithelial cells suited to lining body cavities?

Answer 9

Form sheets of cells due to binding of cells together with little space between them

Question 10

What is the basal lamina?

Answer 10

Layer of extracellular matrix components to which all of the epithelial cells are attached

Question 11

Are epithelial cells non-vascular?

Answer 11

Yes

Oxygen and nutrients must diffuse across basal lamina

Question 12

Are epithelial cells polarised?

Answer 12

Yes

The apical and basal ends are different

Question 13

Give an example of an organ made of solid epithelial cells

Answer 13

the liver

Question 14

List 7 different functions of epithelial tissues

Answer 14

Mechanical barrier (skin)
Chemical barrier (stomach lining)
Absorption (intestine lining)
Secretion (salivary gland)
Containment (urinary bladder lining)
Locomotion by movement of cilia (oviduct)
Minor localised functions (sensation eg neuroepithelium which makes up taste buds and contractility eg myoepithelial cells)

Question 15

List the three shapes of epithelial cells

Answer 15

Squamous (flat)
Cuboidal (cube)
Columnar (column)

Question 16

What does a simple layer of epithelial cells mean?

Answer 16

Layer only one cell thick

Question 17

What does it mean if an epithelial tissue is stratified?

Answer 17

Layer is two or more cells thick

Question 18

What does it mean if an epithelial tissue is pseudostratified?

Answer 18

Seems as if tissue has multiple layer but all cells are directly connected to basal lamina

Question 19

What do glandular epithelial cells make?

Answer 19

Secretory products eg. sweat, hormones, mucous

Question 20

Whats the difference between an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland?

Answer 20

Endocrine gland - product secreted from basal end of cell and released into vascular system (ductless glands)

Exocrine gland - product secreted from apical end of cell into lumen of internal space, duct, or body surface (ducted gland)

Question 21

Name the three types of connective tissue

Answer 21

Soft connective tissue - tendons, ligaments, dermis of skin
Hard connective tissue - bone and cartilage
Blood and lymph

Question 22

What makes up the extracellular matrix?

Answer 22

Fibres - collagen, reticular, and elastic fibres
Ground substance - unbranched polysaccharide molecules called GAGs
Tissue fluid

Question 23

What are the cells in the connective tissue?

Answer 23

Fibroblasts - produce and maintain extracellular matrix
Adipose cells
Osteocytes - bone cells
Chondrocytes - cartilage cells

Question 24

Name the three types of cartilage

Answer 24

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

Recognisable from extracellular matrix

Question 25

Where is Hyaline cartilage found?

Answer 25

articular surfaces
tracheal rings
epiphyseal growth plates
costal cartilage

Question 26

What is cortical bone and where is it found?

Answer 26

Dense outer cortex of bone

Question 27

What is cancellous/trabecular bone and where is it found?

Answer 27

Meshlike bone filled with pockets found inside bones

Question 28

Name the three types of muscle tissue

Answer 28

Smooth
Skeletal
Cardiac

Question 29

Describe Smooth muscle tissue

Answer 29

Often found in organs, not consciously controlled, no visible striations

Individual fibre long, cigar shaped nuclei

Question 30

Describe Skeletal muscle

Answer 30

Consciously controlled, visibly striated
There are exceptions to both

Contain more than one nucleus located at periphery of cell, long
Membrane called sarcolemma

Question 31

Does cardiac muscle have striations?

Answer 31

Yes, but fainter than in skeletal muscle

Question 32

Describe cardiac muscle

Answer 32

Shorter fibres than skeletal muscle, form complex network, single nucleus at centre, intercalated discs present where cells meet

Question 33

What makes up nervous tissue?

Answer 33

Neurons and glia (support cells)

Question 34

Are there more neurons or glia in CNS?

Answer 34

Glia

Question 35

What tissue protects neurons in CNS?

Answer 35

Meninges

Question 36

What tissue protects axons in PNS?

Answer 36

Epineurium

Question 37

What is a multipolar neuron?

Answer 37

A neuron with many dendrites and one axon

Question 38

What is a bipolar neuron?

Answer 38

Neuron with one dendrite and one axon

Question 39

What is a pseudounipolar neuron?

Answer 39

Neuron with an axon which has split in two, extending towards spinal cord and peripheral nervous system

Question 40

What is an astrocyte?

Answer 40

a glial cell which supports neurons, transports ions, and induces blood brain barrier

Question 41

What is an oligodenrocyte?

Answer 41

A glial cell which produces myelin in CNS

Question 42

What are microglia?

Answer 42

Cells which provide immune surveillance

Question 43

What do a schwann cell do?

Answer 43

Produce myelin and support axons of PNS neurons