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Principles > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Protozoa?

Is it a eukaryote or a prokaryote?

A

Single called animal

eukaryotes

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2
Q

What is a virus?

Is it considered living in microbiology?

A

Very small obligate parasite

Considered non-living

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3
Q

What is an obligate parasite?

A

Parasite which cannot survive without host

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4
Q

Are bacteria eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes

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5
Q

Are fungi eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes

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6
Q

Describe the basic differences between a eukaryote and a prokaryote

A 
Eukaryote                               
Big                                           
Complex (with compartments) 
Mostly multicellular  
Linear chromosome  
(attached to histones)  
Introns and exons 
Flexible or no cell wall 
Mitosis/meiosis  
Prokaryote
small
simple
Mostly single celled
Circular chromosome
Few introns
Rigid cell wall
Fast cell cycle
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7
Q

What elements do all eukaryotic cells contain?

A 
Cell membrane
Nucleus and nucleolus
Ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondria
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8
Q

What do all prokaryotic cells contain?

A

Cell envelope (wall)
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
DNA

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9
Q

What is a nucleoid?

A

Area in prokaryote containing DNA and proteins

No nuclear membrane

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10
Q

Describe the structure of chromosomes in a nucleoid

A

Single circular chromosome
Organised by gyrases
Extra plasmids may be present

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11
Q

Why is the membrane so important to bacteria?

A

Only barrier between them and world

Allows them to maintain ion gradient and membrane potential

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12
Q

What is the difference in cell wall between a gram positive and gram negative bacterium?

A

In gram positive the cell wall is made of the following layers:
Peptidoglycan (thick)
Proteins

In gram negative it is as follows:
Thin layer of peptidoglycan
Periplasm
Outer membrane

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13
Q

What does penicillin target?

A

Bacteria cell walls

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14
Q

What does LPS stand for?

A

Lipopolysaccharide

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15
Q

Where is LPS found and what does it do?

A

Found on outer membrane of gram negative bacteria

Prevents large hydrophobic molecules entering bacterium
Lipid A linked to toxicity
Linked to O-antigens

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16
Q

What is the difference between Fimbriae and Pili?

A 
Fimbriae:
Numerous
Short
Thin
Flexible
Involved in adhering cell to others
Made from flagellin
Pili:
Only a few per cell
Long
Thick
Rigid (shape, length, and rigidity can change based on type of bacterium)
Involved in conjugation
17
Q

What is bacterial conjugation?

A

When bacteria share genetic information horizontally

Uses Pili

18
Q

Where are fimbriae and pili found?

A

In both gram positive and negative bacteria

19
Q

What proteins makes:
Fimbriae?
Pili?
Flagellum?

A

Fimbrillin
Pilin
Flagellin

20
Q

What is a sex pilus?

A

Pilus involved in transference of genetic information (bacterial conjugation)

21
Q

What in prokaryotes can be targetted by antibiotics?

A

Protein synthesis

22
Q

What nutrients do prokaryotes need for growth?

A 
Source of:
Carbon (eg sugar, protein, or CO2)
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Nitrogen (eg amino acid, ammonia)
Inorganic salts (eg Mg, Ca, Fe, K, P, S)
Trace elements (eg Zn, Cu, Mn, Ni, Mo)
Vitamins (eg folic acid, niacin)
23
Q

What conditions do prokaryotes need for growth?

A 
Access to nutriens
Appropriate temperature
Appropriate pH (H+ conc)
Osmotic protection
Appropriate oxygen level
24
Q

What is a Psycrophile?

A

Prokaryote which prefers low temperatures

25
Q

What is a Thermophile?

A

Prokaryote which prefers high temperatures

26
Q

What is a Mesophile?

A

Prokaryote which prefers body temperature

27
Q

What is a Mesophile?

A

Prokaryote which prefers body temperature

28
Q

What is an Aerobe?

A

Organism which lives and grows in presence of oxygen

  - facultative - with or without oxygen
  - obligate  - needs oxygen
29
Q

What is a Microaerophile?

A

Bacterium which requires oxygen but at a lower level than in air

30
Q

What is a Facultative Anaerobe?

A

Organism which can grow with or without oxygen

31
Q

What is an Obligate Anaerobe?

A

Organism which cannot tolerate oxygen

32
Q

What is the lag phase of bacterial growth?

A

Initial growth period, starts slow, growth rate increases with time

33
Q

What is the exponential phase of bacterial growth?

A

Second phase, rapid growth, growth rate increasing

34
Q

What is the stationary phase of bacterial growth?

A

Third phase, population stays constant

35
Q

What is the decline phase of bacterial growth?

A

Fourth phase, population reduces

36
Q

What can a population of bacteria form?

A

Complex colony with differentiation

Biofilm

Principles (21 decks)

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