mount pinatubo

Question 1

when did the eruption occur

Answer 1

12th - 15th June 1991

Question 2

which country is it located in

Answer 2

phillipines

Question 3

GDP of the phillipines

Answer 3

45.62 billion USD

Question 4

vei of volcano

Answer 4

6

Question 5

HDI of phillipines

Answer 5

0.587

Question 6

plate boundaries associated with volcano

Answer 6

convergent plate boundary - eurasian and phillipine plates - oceanic continental

subduction causing strata volcano

Question 7

key characteristics

Answer 7

stratavolcano - explosive eruption

caldera - 2.5 km diameter

Question 8

hazards caused by earthquake (3)

Answer 8

gas - more than 18 million tons of sulphur dioxide was ejected into the atmosphere

pyroclastic flow - 16km - 200m thick deposits

ash plume - 10km2 of material - 40km height

Question 9

social impacts (4)

Answer 9

847 dead - most from collapsed structures

364 communities - 2.1 million people having houses destroyed

Aetas culture damaged as homes destroyed - gov relocation to small plots of land

1 million evacuated - displacement of 20,000 mountain inhabitants

Question 10

economic impacts (4)

Answer 10

17 commercial airlines flew through the ash cloud - sustaining about $100 million damage

electricity cut out for 3 weeks - lack of comms

600,000 people lost their jobs

96,200 hectares of agricultural land severely impacted by ash fall

agriculture damaged - 1.4 billion pesos

Question 11

environmental impacts (4)

Answer 11

pinatubo earthquake lowered global temperature by an average of 0.5 degrees - 3 years to return to normal

$125 million worth of seedling lost - food insecure

20 million tonnes of sulfur dioxide released into atmosphere

ash was deposited by the eruption then transported by mudslides as occurred during the monsoon

Question 12

political impact

Answer 12

the ash cover led to the eventual closure of clark air base - us military - loss of relationship

Question 13

pinatubo compared to Eyjafjallajokull

Answer 13

ash was large concern in both - pinatubo damage to planes - E15 in Europe so stopped more travel - greater scale impact

but social effects of pinatubo much worse - as Edc so less prepared - high deaths - may be due to lower education of citizens - whereas Iceland AC

Question 14

Mitigate the loss of the eruption (3)

Answer 14

WHO and WFP contributed emergency health kits ($10,000) and food items ($50,000)

Red Cross + Oxfam provided food and blankets in evacuation camps

USAID shipped shelter material for victims of the floods and lahars in July 1992 - providing £375,000 to be used for relief and rehabilitation projects - quite late

Question 15

mitigation of the hazard event

Answer 15

dams were built to control destructive lahars that followed the eruption - save estimated 4.2 billion pesos of damage

Question 16

mitigate the vulnerability

Answer 16

the monitoring of the 1991 eruption and the successful forecasting prevented property losses of at least $250 million

intensive monitoring of the volcano by scientists - us geological survey (USGS) and the phillipines institute of volcanology and seismology (PHIVOLCS)

asian disaster reduction centre founded in 1998 - to improve disaster resilience of 50 member countries - build safe sustainable communities - in cooperation with UNESCO + WHO

Question 17

why did people live in the area - pre eruption (4)

Answer 17

Aetas, believed they were nearest descendants of the original phillipiaas - Mount Pinatubo was their home

scepticism - did not believe it would erupt - under educated

more than 30,000 lived in small villages on the volcano - agriculture was main industry - 1000 hectares of crops - 200 hectares livestock

clark air base - us military

Question 18

why do people live near the volcano now

Answer 18

in 2010 - 160km2 of area nearest pinatubo declared as Aeta ancestral domain by the national commission of indigenous people

trekking from Tapas is popular activity by tourists - 3000 tourists a month

now safe due to high monitoring - ranked as lowest alert level