mount pinatubo Flashcards
when did the eruption occur
12th - 15th June 1991
which country is it located in
phillipines
GDP of the phillipines
45.62 billion USD
vei of volcano
6
HDI of phillipines
0.587
plate boundaries associated with volcano
convergent plate boundary - eurasian and phillipine plates - oceanic continental
subduction causing strata volcano
key characteristics
stratavolcano - explosive eruption
caldera - 2.5 km diameter
hazards caused by earthquake (3)
gas - more than 18 million tons of sulphur dioxide was ejected into the atmosphere
pyroclastic flow - 16km - 200m thick deposits
ash plume - 10km2 of material - 40km height
social impacts (4)
847 dead - most from collapsed structures
364 communities - 2.1 million people having houses destroyed
Aetas culture damaged as homes destroyed - gov relocation to small plots of land
1 million evacuated - displacement of 20,000 mountain inhabitants
economic impacts (4)
17 commercial airlines flew through the ash cloud - sustaining about $100 million damage
electricity cut out for 3 weeks - lack of comms
600,000 people lost their jobs
96,200 hectares of agricultural land severely impacted by ash fall
agriculture damaged - 1.4 billion pesos
environmental impacts (4)
pinatubo earthquake lowered global temperature by an average of 0.5 degrees - 3 years to return to normal
$125 million worth of seedling lost - food insecure
20 million tonnes of sulfur dioxide released into atmosphere
ash was deposited by the eruption then transported by mudslides as occurred during the monsoon
political impact
the ash cover led to the eventual closure of clark air base - us military - loss of relationship
pinatubo compared to Eyjafjallajokull
ash was large concern in both - pinatubo damage to planes - E15 in Europe so stopped more travel - greater scale impact
but social effects of pinatubo much worse - as Edc so less prepared - high deaths - may be due to lower education of citizens - whereas Iceland AC
Mitigate the loss of the eruption (3)
WHO and WFP contributed emergency health kits ($10,000) and food items ($50,000)
Red Cross + Oxfam provided food and blankets in evacuation camps
USAID shipped shelter material for victims of the floods and lahars in July 1992 - providing £375,000 to be used for relief and rehabilitation projects - quite late
mitigation of the hazard event
dams were built to control destructive lahars that followed the eruption - save estimated 4.2 billion pesos of damage
mitigate the vulnerability
the monitoring of the 1991 eruption and the successful forecasting prevented property losses of at least $250 million
intensive monitoring of the volcano by scientists - us geological survey (USGS) and the phillipines institute of volcanology and seismology (PHIVOLCS)
asian disaster reduction centre founded in 1998 - to improve disaster resilience of 50 member countries - build safe sustainable communities - in cooperation with UNESCO + WHO
why did people live in the area - pre eruption (4)
Aetas, believed they were nearest descendants of the original phillipiaas - Mount Pinatubo was their home
scepticism - did not believe it would erupt - under educated
more than 30,000 lived in small villages on the volcano - agriculture was main industry - 1000 hectares of crops - 200 hectares livestock
clark air base - us military
why do people live near the volcano now
in 2010 - 160km2 of area nearest pinatubo declared as Aeta ancestral domain by the national commission of indigenous people
trekking from Tapas is popular activity by tourists - 3000 tourists a month
now safe due to high monitoring - ranked as lowest alert level
