motor neurone Flashcards
in MND where is there loss of motor neurones?
motor cortex
cranial nerve nuclei
anterior horns on spinal cord
what type of dementia does MND have a link too?
fronto-temporal
what is the primary symptom in MND?
muscle weakness
what is the pattern of weakness in MND?
usually focal and progressively spread to become generalised
what other symptoms are there in MND?
fascinations
mixed UMN and LMN symptoms
wasting of small hand muscles and tibialis anterior common
where does MND most commonly affect first?
limbs first - upper limb
can start in bulbar or thorax muscles
what motor neurones are most commonly degenerated first?
lower motor neurones then upper motor neurones (patients commonly present with a mix)
how can MND be distinguished from other neurological conditions?
doesn’t affect the eyes (myasthenia)
no sensory loss or sphincter dysfunction (MS and neuropathies)
what is the most common type of MND?
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
what is the presentation of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?
mixed motor neurone deficit - LMN in arms and UMN in legs
where does amyotrophic lateral sclerosis start?
starts in hands before spreading to affect all the limbs and bulbar/thorax muscles
what other symptoms are associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?
weak hand grip
weak shoulder abduction
stumbling gait
foot drop
which type of MND has the worst prognosis?
progressive bulbar
what are the symptoms associated with progressive bulbar MND?
drooling
dysphagia
progressive dysarthria
what are the symptoms seen with progressive spinal muscular atrophy MND?
similar to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis but purely LMN
