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Neuro > Motor Control > Flashcards

Motor Control Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of parkinsons?

A

Degeneration of the substantia nigra and there dopaminergic inputs to the striatum . Dopamine depletion = closing down of focused motor activities that funnel through thalamus to the SMA

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2
Q

What is a common symptom of parkinsons?

A

Hypokinesia

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3
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Huntingtons Chorea?

A

A loss of caudate, putamen and globys pallidus

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4
Q

What is the presentation of Huntington’s?

A

Chorea, dementia and personailty disorders

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5
Q

What do lateral pathways control?

A

Voluntary muscles of distal muscles - under cortical control

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6
Q

What do ventromedial pathways control?

A

Control posture and locomotion - under brain stem control

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7
Q

What do axons of CST do?

A

Control pools of spinal motor neurones by monosynaptically excitings pools of agonist motorneurones and inhibit antagonist motorneurones

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8
Q

How many ventromedial pathways control posture and locomotion?

A

2 - VESTIBULOSPINAL AND TECTOSPINAL

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9
Q

What does the VST do?

A

Stabilises head and neck

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10
Q

What does the TST do?

A

ensures eye remain stable as body moves

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11
Q

What do pontine and medullary reticulospinal tracts do?

A

Control trunk and antigravity muscles

Use sensory info to control balance and body position

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12
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex found?

A

The precentral gyrus

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13
Q

How is mental image of body in space generated?

A

By somatosensory, proprioceptive and visual inputs into areas 5 and 7

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14
Q

Where are decisions about movements made?

A

Prefrontal and parietal cortex

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15
Q

What happens on damage to descending motor pathways?

A

Immediate flaccidity of contralateral muscles - spial shock - as spinal circuits are deprived of cortical input. Spinal circuits can regain function and new connections sprout. e.g babinski’s sign, spasticity or loss of fine finger movements

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16
Q

What selects and initiates willed movements?

A

Basal ganglia motor loop

17
Q

What makes up the corpus striatum?

A

The caudate and putamen

18
Q

What is the function of the corpus striatum?

A

to recieve input from all over the cortex

19
Q

What kind of axons lie within the corpus striatum?

A

Inhibitory axons to protext globus pallidus and substantia nigra

20
Q

When does the putamen fire ?

A

Before limb/trunk movement

21
Q

When do caudate fibres fire?

A

Before eye movement

22
Q

What do globus pallidus neurones do at rest?

A

Inhibit VLo as they are spontaneously active

23
Q

What happens during cortical exitation in the motor loop?

A

Putamen is excited which inhibits the globus pallidus which releases VLo from inhibition which boosts SMA activity

24
Q

What happens when cerebellum lesions occur?

A

Ataxia

25
Q

How does voluntary movement occur?

A

Via alpha motorneurones in spinal cord

26
Q

How does reflex movement occur?

A

Via hard-wired motorneurone circuits at each segmental spinal level

27
Q

What pathways regulate trunk and limb muscle reflexes?

A

Descending pathways from vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts

28
Q

Name the 4 systems which control movement

A

Descending control pathways, basal ganglia, cerebellum and local spinal cord/brain stem circuits

29
Q

How does the spinal cord recieve input?

A

Via descending input from the brainstem and directly via the pyramidal tract

30
Q

Where are the CST areas found in the cortex?

A

Areas 4 and 6 of the frontal motor cortex

31
Q

Where do axons of the CST desuccate?

A

Medulla and spinal cord

32
Q

Where do axons of the CST synapse?

A

Ventral horn motor neurons or interneurons

33
Q

What do Upper Motor Neurons in cortex target?

A

Lower Motor Neurons in the spinal cord

34
Q

How are decisions into motor movements made?

A

Sensory info is input into areas 5+7, parietal and prefrontal cortex make decisions on what movements to make, axons converge onto area 6, encoding how to carry out desired actions

35
Q

What is a positive Babinski’s sign indicative of?

A

Incomplete upper control of spinal circuits (a.k.a UMN lesion and damage to Corticospinal Tract)

36
Q

What does spasticity indicate?

A

Removal of inhibitory reflexes of UMN, usually due to a lesion of UMN

Neuro (16 decks)

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