Motor

Question 1

Types of movement

Answer 1

Voluntary(conscious)
Rhythmic(unconscious)
Reflex

Question 2

Sensorimotor transformations

Answer 2

Turning sensory input into motor output

Reflexes low level voluntary movement high level

Question 3

Inverse problem in movement

Answer 3

It is the inverse of a forward problem, which starts with the causes and then calculates the effects
Movement planning-inverse kinematics(muscle plan and path)-inverse dynamics(muscle activation)

Question 4

Internal model

Answer 4

Brain needs to control and predict
Inverse model(motor plan) + forward model(end position)
Efference copy=How it will work in real life

Question 5

Experiment for motor task

Answer 5

Ask subjects to point at remembered object in the dark

sensorimotor transformation must be good to point accurately

Question 6

Computational task

Answer 6

This task is done easiest when based on hand position and speed

Question 7

Feedfoward control

Answer 7

Is when there is no feedback and Is an open loop meaning it is faster

Question 8

Feedback control

Answer 8

After motor movement if error is there it is taken into account when trying again
FB is dependent on delay
High gain means big response to small error
Delay magnifies the effect of gain

Question 9

Stages of the observer model

Answer 9

Previous state estimate- predicted current state- Final state estimate

Question 10

Role of perception in motor anticipation

Answer 10

size weight illusion shows that action and perception are independent

Question 11

Motor plasticity

Answer 11

Motor plasticity is defined as the ability of motor neurones and their respective effector muscles to physically and functionally change as a result of failure

Question 12

Anticipation

Answer 12

Plays an important role in movement

Question 13

Top down structure for movement

Answer 13

Starts of with conscious processing from motor cortex and brain stem to motor neurones that drive muscles

Question 14

Cerebellum

Answer 14

Stores coordinated movement

Question 15

Where are Lower motor neurones

Answer 15

Found at the ventral horn

Question 16

What does lower motor neurones do?

Answer 16

Innervates fibres in a specific muscle

Question 17

LMN pool

Answer 17

Each muscle has a LMN pool which is when all the motor neurons innervating a single muscle

Question 18

Motor unit

Answer 18

muscle fibres+1 motor neurone= motor unit

1 fibre only receives input from 1 motor neurone

Question 19

fatiguability

Answer 19

susceptibility to fatigue

Marathon runners have a slow fatiguability compared to a sprinter

Question 20

Muscle tension

Answer 20

This is spike rate dependent and motor units have different threshold so you don’t use all the power in a muscle

Question 21

What happens when 2 motor neurones receive identical inputs with different sizes

Answer 21

Smaller motor neurones have fewer ion channels and are more excitable

Question 22

Motor plasticity

Answer 22

Motor neurones when fired can adapt and change there appearance of fibres

Question 23

What are spindle fibres?

Answer 23

Muscle spindles are stretch receptors within the body of a skeletal muscle that primarily detect changes in the length of the muscle.

Question 24

Tendon organ

Answer 24

The Golgi tendon organ responds to a tendon stretch, or a muscle contraction, by sending action potentials so that the muscle tension increases

Question 25

autogenic inhibition

Answer 25

When a muscle is inhibited by a Golgi tendon organ

Question 26

autogenic inhibition

Answer 26

When a muscle is inhibited by a Golgi tendon organ

Question 27

reflex arc

Answer 27

The stretch of the muscle spindle causes reflex contraction.

Question 28

Simple inverse stretch

Answer 28

The stretch of Golgi tendon organ causes reflex inhibition (relaxation).

Question 29

Gamma motor neurones

Answer 29

Alters the gain of muscle spindle for best tension zone and helps to regulate muscle length and tone

Question 30

What feature does 1a and 2 axon have

Answer 30

Highly myelinated which allows for high conduction

Question 31

Alpha motor neurones

Answer 31

They innervate extrafusal muscle fibers of skeletal muscle and are directly responsible for initiating their contraction.

Question 32

Stretch reflex

Answer 32

When a muscle is stretched , muscle spindles send information to the spinal cord, where it synapses on motor neuron of the same muscle causing it to contract. At the same time, stimulation of an inhibitory interneuron (1a afferent) prevents contraction of the antagonistic muscle

Question 33

Locomotion

Answer 33

Locomotion is various movements of organisms to propel themselves from one place to another.

Question 34

central pattern generators

Answer 34

Central pattern generators (CPGs) are biological neural circuits that produce rhythmic outputs in the absence of rhythmic input like walking

Question 35

Cross inhibition

Answer 35

When you want to move one side of the body the other side is inhibited

Question 36

What controls lower motor neurones for movement control

Answer 36

Cortical and brainstem inputs control this I the ventral horn

Question 37

What does the corticospinal do?

Answer 37

Mediates descending control

Ends at the lower motor neurone

Question 38

Descending pathway in lower motor neurone

Answer 38

Cortex-Midbrain-Middle pons-Middle medulla-Spinal chord

Question 39

Primary motor cortex(M1)

Answer 39

Directly controls movement

Question 40

Secondary motor cortex(M2)

Answer 40

Controls high level movement with planning

Question 41

A population code

Answer 41

Describes the movement vector

Question 42

cortico motor neurone

Answer 42

A single cortico motor neurone spikes at different points in a task when different muscle are involved

Question 43

Betz cells

Answer 43

are giant pyramidal cells in motor cortex

Dies in ALS disease

Question 43

Betz cells

Answer 43

are giant pyramidal cells in motor cortex

Dies in ALS disease

Question 44

Premotor areas

Answer 44

Areas where movement is planned including M2

Question 44

Premotor areas

Answer 44

Areas where movement is planned including M2

Question 45

Mirror movement and ventral lateral premotor cortex

Answer 45

Mirror neurones can learn movement through vision

Monkey see monkey do