Motor Flashcards

1
Q

Types of movement

A

Voluntary(conscious)
Rhythmic(unconscious)
Reflex

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2
Q

Sensorimotor transformations

A

Turning sensory input into motor output

Reflexes low level voluntary movement high level

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3
Q

Inverse problem in movement

A

It is the inverse of a forward problem, which starts with the causes and then calculates the effects
Movement planning-inverse kinematics(muscle plan and path)-inverse dynamics(muscle activation)

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4
Q

Internal model

A
Brain needs to control and predict
Inverse model(motor plan) + forward model(end position)
Efference copy=How it will work in real life
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5
Q

Experiment for motor task

A

Ask subjects to point at remembered object in the dark

sensorimotor transformation must be good to point accurately

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6
Q

Computational task

A

This task is done easiest when based on hand position and speed

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7
Q

Feedfoward control

A

Is when there is no feedback and Is an open loop meaning it is faster

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8
Q

Feedback control

A

After motor movement if error is there it is taken into account when trying again
FB is dependent on delay
High gain means big response to small error
Delay magnifies the effect of gain

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9
Q

Stages of the observer model

A

Previous state estimate- predicted current state- Final state estimate

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10
Q

Role of perception in motor anticipation

A

size weight illusion shows that action and perception are independent

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11
Q

Motor plasticity

A

Motor plasticity is defined as the ability of motor neurones and their respective effector muscles to physically and functionally change as a result of failure

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12
Q

Anticipation

A

Plays an important role in movement

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13
Q

Top down structure for movement

A

Starts of with conscious processing from motor cortex and brain stem to motor neurones that drive muscles

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14
Q

Cerebellum

A

Stores coordinated movement

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15
Q

Where are Lower motor neurones

A

Found at the ventral horn

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16
Q

What does lower motor neurones do?

A

Innervates fibres in a specific muscle

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17
Q

LMN pool

A

Each muscle has a LMN pool which is when all the motor neurons innervating a single muscle

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18
Q

Motor unit

A

muscle fibres+1 motor neurone= motor unit

1 fibre only receives input from 1 motor neurone

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19
Q

fatiguability

A

susceptibility to fatigue

Marathon runners have a slow fatiguability compared to a sprinter

20
Q

Muscle tension

A

This is spike rate dependent and motor units have different threshold so you don’t use all the power in a muscle

21
Q

What happens when 2 motor neurones receive identical inputs with different sizes

A

Smaller motor neurones have fewer ion channels and are more excitable

22
Q

Motor plasticity

A

Motor neurones when fired can adapt and change there appearance of fibres

23
Q

What are spindle fibres?

A

Muscle spindles are stretch receptors within the body of a skeletal muscle that primarily detect changes in the length of the muscle.

24
Q

Tendon organ

A

The Golgi tendon organ responds to a tendon stretch, or a muscle contraction, by sending action potentials so that the muscle tension increases

25
autogenic inhibition
When a muscle is inhibited by a Golgi tendon organ
26
autogenic inhibition
When a muscle is inhibited by a Golgi tendon organ
27
reflex arc
The stretch of the muscle spindle causes reflex contraction.
28
Simple inverse stretch
The stretch of Golgi tendon organ causes reflex inhibition (relaxation).
29
Gamma motor neurones
Alters the gain of muscle spindle for best tension zone and helps to regulate muscle length and tone
30
What feature does 1a and 2 axon have
Highly myelinated which allows for high conduction
31
Alpha motor neurones
They innervate extrafusal muscle fibers of skeletal muscle and are directly responsible for initiating their contraction.
32
Stretch reflex
When a muscle is stretched , muscle spindles send information to the spinal cord, where it synapses on motor neuron of the same muscle causing it to contract. At the same time, stimulation of an inhibitory interneuron (1a afferent) prevents contraction of the antagonistic muscle
33
Locomotion
Locomotion is various movements of organisms to propel themselves from one place to another.
34
central pattern generators
Central pattern generators (CPGs) are biological neural circuits that produce rhythmic outputs in the absence of rhythmic input like walking
35
Cross inhibition
When you want to move one side of the body the other side is inhibited
36
What controls lower motor neurones for movement control
Cortical and brainstem inputs control this I the ventral horn
37
What does the corticospinal do?
Mediates descending control | Ends at the lower motor neurone
38
Descending pathway in lower motor neurone
Cortex-Midbrain-Middle pons-Middle medulla-Spinal chord
39
Primary motor cortex(M1)
Directly controls movement
40
Secondary motor cortex(M2)
Controls high level movement with planning
41
A population code
Describes the movement vector
42
cortico motor neurone
A single cortico motor neurone spikes at different points in a task when different muscle are involved
43
Betz cells
are giant pyramidal cells in motor cortex | Dies in ALS disease
43
Betz cells
are giant pyramidal cells in motor cortex | Dies in ALS disease
44
Premotor areas
Areas where movement is planned including M2
44
Premotor areas
Areas where movement is planned including M2
45
Mirror movement and ventral lateral premotor cortex
Mirror neurones can learn movement through vision | Monkey see monkey do