Motivation (Modules 36-39)

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

An internal state that energizes and directs behavior

Question 2

Instinct

Answer 2

A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

Question 3

What is the underlying assumption of evolutionary psychology’s motivation theory?

Answer 3

Genes predispose species’ typical behavior

Question 4

Drive-Reduction Theory

Answer 4

The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy that need

Question 5

Homeostasis

Answer 5

Tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body around a particular level

Question 6

Incentives

Answer 6

A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

Question 7

Optimum arousal theory

Answer 7

Human motivation aims not to eliminate arousal but to seek optimum levels of arousal (Ex. When you are at an optimum level of stress, you are at peak performance and efficiency.)

Question 8

Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 8

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level needs can be fulfilled

Question 9

Order of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (from bottom to top)

Answer 9

Physiological, Safety, Belonging and Love, Esteem, Self-actualization, Self-transcendence

Question 10

Is your stomach the only place where the feelings of hunger come from?

Answer 10

No, they also come from the brain.

Question 11

Glucose

Answer 11

The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues

Question 12

What part of the brain integrates glucose messages and hunger pains?

Answer 12

Hypothalamus – the lateral hypothalamus induces hunger while the ventromedial hypothalamus depresses hunger

Question 13

Insulin

Answer 13

Secreted by the pancreas; controls blood glucose

Question 14

Leptin

Answer 14

Secreted by fat cells; increases metabolism and decreases hunger

Question 15

Orexin

Answer 15

Secreted by the hypothalamus; triggers feelings of hunger

Question 16

Ghrelin

Answer 16

Secreted by an empty stomach; triggers feelings of hunger

Question 17

Obestatin

Answer 17

Secreted by a full stomach; tells the brain that the organism is not hungry

Question 18

Set point

Answer 18

The point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set; when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

Question 19

Basal metabolic rate

Answer 19

The body’s resting rate of body expenditure

Question 20

What kinds of food do you crave when stressed?

Answer 20

Starchy, carbohydrate-laden foods; carbohydrates boost serotonin production which has calming effects.

Question 21

Name three different situational influences on eating.

Answer 21

1. Social facilitation - the tendency to eat more around other people
2. Unit bias - people eat more when offered a bigger standard portion
3. ???

Question 22

Anorexia Nervosa

Answer 22

An eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15% or more) underweight yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve

Question 23

Bulimia Nervosa

Answer 23

An eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting or excessive exercise

Question 24

Binge-eating Disorder

Answer 24

Significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa

Question 25

PYY

Answer 25

Secreted by the digestive tract; signals “I’m not hungry!”

Question 26

What is an affiliation need?

Answer 26

The need to feel a sense of involvement and belonging in a certain group

Question 27

From an evolutionary perspective, why is it important that we have a strong affiliation need?

Answer 27

Social bonds have encouraged survival. For example, the attachment a mother feels to her child compels her to provide for it. The attachment two parents feel for one another allows for their child to grow up in a supportive home. In the past, greater numbers in societies have allowed for more efficient hunting.

Question 28

What happens in our brain when we feel love?

Answer 28

The brain experiences higher levels of dopamine.

Question 29

Why can being ostracizes lead to experience real physical pain?

Answer 29

It elicits activity in the anterior cingulate cortex which also activates in response to physical pain.

Question 30

Flow

Answer 30

A completely involved, focused state of consciousness; diminished awareness of self and time – results in optimal engagement of skills

Question 31

Industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology

Answer 31

The application of psychological concepts and methods to optimize human behavior in workplaces

Question 32

Personnel psychology

Answer 32

Focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal and development

Question 33

Organizational psychology

Answer 33

Examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change

Question 34

Interviewer Illusion

Answer 34

The tendency to overestimate your ability to choose the best candidate

Question 35

Theory X

Answer 35

Managers believe employees will only work if rewarded with benefits/threatened with punishments

Question 36

Theory Y

Answer 36

Employees have intrinsic motivation, so policies should encourage that