Emotion, Stress and Health (Modules 40-44)

Question 1

emotions

Answer 1

A response of the whole organism involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors and conscious experience.

Question 2

James-Lange Theory

Answer 2

Our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion.

Question 3

Cannon-Bard Theory

Answer 3

An emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion.

Question 4

Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory

Answer 4

To experience emotion, one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal.

Question 5

What part of the nervous system triggers many of the physical responses we have when we experience an emotion?

Answer 5

The autonomic nervous system mobilizes your body for action via its sympathetic division’s command to release epinephrine and norepinephrine in times of crisis; its parasympathetic division calms the body once the crisis has passed.

Question 6

What is the point to remember about the spillover effect?

Answer 6

Arousal fuels emotion; cognition channels it.

Question 7

Do different emotions have very different patterns of activation in the brain?

Answer 7

Yes, emotions differ in the brain circuits they use.

Question 8

Are humans good or bad at recognizing emotions in other people?

Answer 8

Good

Question 9

Are men or women better at analyzing people’s nonverbal expressions?

Answer 9

Women

Question 10

Do facial expressions have different meanings in different cultures?

Answer 10

No

Question 11

According to Darwin, why would it have been important evolutionarily for facial muscles to be universal to every culture?

Answer 11

Facial features were crucial channels of communication before the development of language and thus universal facial features allowed humans to survive.

Question 12

Facial-feedback effect

Answer 12

Facial movements/expressions can influence one’s experience of emotion.

Question 13

What part of the brain is responsible for fear?

Answer 13

Amygdala

Question 14

Catharsis

Answer 14

Emotion release; the catharsis hypothesis maintains that “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.

Question 15

Feel-good, do-good phenomenon

Answer 15

People tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood.

Question 16

Subjective well-being

Answer 16

Self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people’s quality of life.

Question 17

Adaptation-level phenomenon

Answer 17

Our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income, relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.

Question 18

Happiness is not related to what 4 factors?

Answer 18

Age, gender, parenthood, physical attractiveness

Question 19

Stress

Answer 19

The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

Question 20

What are the benefits of short-term stress?

Answer 20

Mobilize the immune system to fend off infections and heal wounds; motivates us to conquer problems.

Question 21

What are the harmful effects of prolonged stress?

Answer 21

More likely to experience circulatory, digestive, respiratory and infectious disease; higher risk of chronic disease.

Question 22

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Answer 22

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases: alarm, resistance and exhaustion.

Question 23

What are the three phases of responding to stress?

Answer 23

Alarm, resistance and exhaustion

Question 24

Famous psychologist who founded the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Answer 24

Hans Selye

Question 25

What happens in Phase 1 of the General Adaptation Syndrome?

Answer 25

Alarm: Your sympathetic nervous system activates suddenly. Your heart rate increases, blood is diverted to skeletal muscles and you experience shock.

Question 26

What happens in Phase 2 of the General Adaptation Syndrome?

Answer 26

Resistance: Your body temperature, blood pressure and respiration remain high. There is a sudden outpouring of hormones.

Question 27

What happens in Phase 3 of the General Adaptation Syndrome?

Answer 27

Exhaustion: Your body’s reserves are depleted.

Question 28

What could happen if exhaustion is prolonged?

Answer 28

Increased vulnerability to illness, collapse and death.

Question 29

Tend-and-befriend response

Answer 29

Stress response in which one seeks to give support; alternative to “fight or flight” response

Question 30

What are the three main types of stressors?

Answer 30

Catastrophes, significant life changes, daily hassles

Question 31

Type A personality

Answer 31

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive and anger-prone people

Question 32

Type B personality

Answer 32

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people

Question 33

What type of personality is more likely to have cardiovascular troubles?

Answer 33

Type A

Question 34

Psycho-physiological Illnesses

Answer 34

Literally “mind-body” illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches

Question 35

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

Answer 35

The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health.

Question 36

Can stress predict a faster decline in those with AIDS?

Answer 36

Yes, there is a correlation between stress and 1) a progression from HIV infection to AIDS and 2) the speed of decline in those affected.

Question 37

Does stress create cancer cells?

Answer 37

No

Question 38

Coping

Answer 38

Alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive or behavioral methods.

Question 39

Problem-focused coping

Answer 39

Attempting to alleviate stress directly – by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor.

Question 40

Emotion-focused coping

Answer 40

Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress reaction.

Question 41

How does perceived loss of control affect our health?

Answer 41

We become more vulnerable to ill health.

Question 42

Biofeedback

Answer 42

A system for electronically recording, amplifying and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension.

Question 43

How are the results of biofeedback testing used?

Answer 43

Allows one to learn techniques for controlling a particular physiological response.

Question 44

What are three possible explanations for the correlation between religious involvement and longevity?

Answer 44

1) Healthier lifestyles; smoke and drink less.
2) Social support; faith communities, marriage.
3) Positive emotions; hope/optimism/coherence, less stress, less anxiety.