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AP Psychology > History, Approaches, and Research (Modules 1-3) > Flashcards

History, Approaches, and Research (Modules 1-3) Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Wilhelm Wundt do?

A

Conducted what many consider as psychology’s first experiment and established the first psychology lab at the University of Leipzig, Germany.

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2
Q

Structuralism

A

An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore structural elements of the human mind

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3
Q

Introspection

A

“Looking inward,” self-reflecting and reporting on immediate sensations and feelings

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4
Q

What person is associated with this theory?

A

Edward Bradford Titchener

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5
Q

Functionalism

A

A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function – how they enable us to adapt, flourish, and survive

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6
Q

What person is associated with Functionalism?

A

William James

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7
Q

Who is Mary Calkins?

A

Memory researcher and first female president of the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1905

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8
Q

Who si Margaret Floyd Washburn?

A

First woman to receive a psychology Ph.D., wrote The Animal Mind, second female president of the APA in 1921

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9
Q

Behaviorism

A

The view that psychology should 1) be an objective science that 2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Today researchers generally agree with 1 but no 2.

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10
Q

People associated with Behaviorism

A

John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner

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11
Q

Humanistic Psychology

A

Historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual’s potential for personal growth; counter to Freudian psychology and behaviorism. Humanistic psychologists emphasized the importance of current environmental influences on our growth potential and the importance of having our needs to love and acceptance satisfied.

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12
Q

People Associated with Humanistic Psychology

A

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

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13
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience

A

The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory and language); scientific exploration of how we perceive, process and remember information

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14
Q

Psychology

A

The science of behavior and mental processes

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15
Q

What is the key word in psychology’s definition? Why?

A

Science; psychology is less than a set of findings than a way of asking and answering questions

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16
Q

Nature-nurture issue

A

The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions genes make and experience makes to the development of psychological traits and behaviors

Ex. “Are gender differences biologically predisposed ot socially constructed?”

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17
Q

Natural selection

A

The principle that, among the range of inherited trait combinations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed to succeeding generations

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18
Q

Person associated with natural selection

A

Charles Darwin

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19
Q

Biopsychosocial approach

A

An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological and social-cultural levels on analysis

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20
Q

Psychology’s Current Perspectives (7)

A

Neuroscience, Evolutionary, Behavior genetics, Psychodynamic, Behavioral, Cognitive, Social-cultural

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21
Q

Neuroscience

A

How the body and brain enable emotions, memories and sensory experiences

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22
Q

Evolutionary

A

How the natural selection of traits promoted the survival of genes

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23
Q

Behavior genetics

A

How much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences

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24
Q

Psychodynamic

A

How behavior springs from unconscious drivers and conflicts

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25
Q

Behavioral

A

How we learn observable responses

26
Q

Cognitive

A

How we encode, process, store and retrieve information

27
Q

Social-cultural

A

How behavior and thinking cary across situations and cultures

28
Q

Basic Research

A

Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

Ex. Biological psychologists exploring the links between the brain and the mind

29
Q

Applied Research

A

Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

Ex. Clinical psychologists assess and treat mental, emotional and behavior disorders

30
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it (AKA the “AHA! I knew it all along!” phenomenon)

Ex. After the 2007 Virginia Tech Massacre, it seems obvious that the school should’ve been locked down after the murder of the first two students

31
Q

When did the APA adopt ethical principles

A

1992

32
Q

What are the four guidelines of the ethical principles adopted by the APA?

A

1) Obtain the informed consent of potential participants
2) Protect them from harm and discomfort
3) Treat information about individual participants confidentially.
4) Fully explain the research afterward.

33
Q

Theory

A

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

34
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

35
Q

Operational definition

A

A statement of the procedures/operations used to define research variables

Ex. Human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures

36
Q

Case Study

A

An observation technique in which one person is studied in-depth in hope of revealing universal principles

37
Q

Survey

A

A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group

38
Q

Population

A

All the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn

39
Q

Random sample

A

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

40
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

41
Q

Correlation

A

A measure of the extend to which two factors vary together, and thus of who well either factor predicts the other

42
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

A statistical index of the relationship between two things from -1 to +1

43
Q

What is the most important thing to remember about correlational studies?

A

Correlation is not causation!!!

44
Q

Illusory correlation

A

A perceived but nonexistence correlation; when we believe there is a relationship between two things, we are likely to notice and recall instances that confirm our belief

Ex. The presumption that infertile couples who adopt become more likely to conceive; we’re less likely to notice those who adopt and never conceive

45
Q

Experiment

A

Research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (dependent variable)

46
Q

Random assignment

A

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing pre-existing differences between those assigned to different groups

47
Q

What are some ways we can achieve random assignment?

A

Pulling names out of a hat, assigning numbers to subjects and sorting them using a calculator

48
Q

Double-blind procedure

A

An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether participants have received the treatment or placebo

49
Q

Placebo effect

A

Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent

50
Q

Experimental group

A

The group that is exposed to the treatment in an experiment/one version of the independent variable

51
Q

Control group

A

The group that is not exposed to the treatment in an experiment; serves as a comparison group for evaluating the effect of the treatment

52
Q

Independent variable

A

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied

53
Q

Dependent variable

A

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable

54
Q

Measures of central tendency

A

A single score that represents a whole set of scores

55
Q

Mean

A

The arithmetic average of a distribution

56
Q

Median

A

The middle score in a distribution

57
Q

Mode

A

The most frequently occurring score/s in a distribution

58
Q

Range

A

The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

59
Q

Standard deviation

A

A computed measurement of how much scores vary around the mean score

60
Q

Normal curve

A

A symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data.

61
Q

Statistical significance

A

A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by change. Indicates the likelihood that a result will happen by chance.

AP Psychology (15 decks)

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