Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Psychology > Learning (Modules 23-25) > Flashcards

Learning (Modules 23-25) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Learning

A

A relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does it mean that we learn by association?

A

Our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence.

Ex. When we smell cookies, eat the cookies and feel satisfaction, we expect satisfaction when we smell the cookies next time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Habituation

A

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation

Ex. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Associative Learning

A

Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (operant conditioning)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?

A

Classical conditioning is the association of two stimuli (beep on pager and arrival of food) while operant conditioning is the association of behaviors and their consequences (doing homework and receiving a good grade).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cognitive Learning

A

Awareness of the associations being learned, strengthens likes and dislikes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Person associated with classical conditioning

A

Ivan Pavlov

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

A type of learning in which one learned to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Behaviorism

A

View the psychology should 1) be an objective science that 2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Today, scientists typically agree with 1, but not 2.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Psychology associated with behaviorism

A

John B. Watson

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

A

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally – naturally and automatically – triggers a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

UCS in Pavlov’s dogs

A

Food stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

A

In classical conditioning, the unlearned, natural response to an unconditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

UCR in Pavlov’s dogs

A

Salivation in response to food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

A

In classical conditioning, a stimulus not yet associated with another stimuli (becomes a conditioned stimulus upon association)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

NS in Pavlov’s dogs

A

Tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with the unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

CS in Pavlov’s dogs

A

Tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Conditioned Response (CR)

A

In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral, but not conditioned, stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

CR in Pavlov’s dogs

A

Salivation in response to tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Acquisition

A

In classical conditioning, the initial stage when one links the neutral stimulus to the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the biological reason that humans and animals can be conditioned?

A

Conditioning helps humans and animals prepare for good and bad events. It helps animals survive and reproduce by responding to cues that help it gain food, avoid dangers, find mates, and produce offspring.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Higher-order conditioning

A

AKA second-order conditioning. A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus.

Ex. An animal learns that a tone means food. That animal might learn that a light predicts tone and eventually salivates at the sight of the light alone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Extinction

A

The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when the unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

25
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

26
Q

Generalization

A

The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

27
Q

Discrimination

A

In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal and unconditioned stimulus

28
Q

Why does Pavlov’s work remain so important? (2 reasons)

A

1) Pavlov proved that virtually all organisms learn to adapt to their environment – many other responses to many other stimuli can be classically conditioned.
2) Pavlov showed us how a process such as learning can be studied objectively.

29
Q

Summarize Watson’s “Little Albert” Experiment.

A

Watson conditioned Little Albert to be scared of rats by accompanying the sight of the rat with a frightening noise. Albert showed generalization by acting with fear when presented with similar objects like a rabbit and a dog.

30
Q

Operant conditioning

A

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

31
Q

Person associated with operant conditioning

A

B.F. Skinner

32
Q

Law of effect

A

Rewarded behavior is likely to recur

33
Q

Person who created law of effect

A

Edward K. Thorndike

34
Q

Describe how a Skinner Box works.

A

Inside the Skinner box, there is a button for animals to press. Upon pressing the button, the animal is rewarded with food. A device records these responses.

35
Q

Reinforcement

A

In operant conditioning, the occurrence of any event that strengthens the behavior that follows

36
Q

Shaping

A

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

37
Q

Discriminative Stimulus

A

A specific, distinct event that prompts a conditioned response

Ex. Conditioning a pigeon to peck when it sees a human face, but not when it sees anything else. Shows that pigeons can recognize that human faces are distinct from the faces of other animals.

38
Q

What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?

A

Positive reinforcement adds a good thing to encourage behavior; negative reinforcement takes away a bad thing

Ex. Positive reinforcement is when a child is rewarded with a cookie for doing their homework. Negative reinforcement is when the child is rewarded for doing their homework by not having to eat their vegetables for the night.

39
Q

Primary Reinforcers

A

An innately reinforcing stimulus such as one that satisfies a biological need

Ex. Getting food when hungry

40
Q

Secondary Reinforcers

A

A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer (AKA conditioned reinforcer)

Ex. If the light turns on right before food comes, the rat will work to turn on the light because the light is associated with food.

41
Q

Reinforcement Schedule

A

Times when reinforcement occurs

42
Q

Continuous Reinforcement

A

Reinforcing every time the desired response occurs

Ex. Giving a child a piece of candy every time they do their homework

43
Q

Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement

A

Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of response but greater resistance to extinction

Ex. Giving into children’s tantrums occassionally

44
Q

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

A

Reinforces a response after a fixed number of times

Ex. Coffee shop rewarding you with a free drink after every five you buy

45
Q

Variable-Ratio Schedule

A

Reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

Ex. Players of slow machines continuing to play even without reward

46
Q

Fixed-Interval Schedule

A

Reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

Ex. Getting paid for a job done by the hour

47
Q

Variable-Interval Schedule

A

Reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

Ex. Seeing the “You’ve got mail!” message pop up on your screen after persistently checking your email

48
Q

What is the difference between reinforcement and punishment?

A

Reinforcement encourages an action while punishment discourages an action.

49
Q

Positive punishment

A

Administer an aversive stimulus (add bad thing) to discourage a behavior

Ex. spanking

50
Q

Negative punishment

A

Withdraw a desirable stimulus (take away good thing to discourage behavior)

Ex. phone taken away

51
Q

Observational Learning

A

Learning by observing and imitating others

52
Q

Modeling

A

The process of learning and imitating a specific behavior

53
Q

Person associated with observational learning

A

Albert Bandura

54
Q

Summarize Bandura’s Bobo Doll experiment.

A

Children observed an adult act aggressively to a Bobo Doll (hitting, kicking, screaming, etc.). When left alone with the Bobo Doll, children who had witnessed the bout of aggression were not only more likely to act aggressively toward the doll, but used the same action and words they had observed.

55
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so

56
Q

What is the theory of mine?

A

Mirror neurons help give rise to children’s empathy and to their ability to infer another’s mental state.

57
Q

Prosocial behavior

A

Positive, constructive, helpful behavior; the opposite of antisocial behavior

58
Q

When are models most effective?

A

When their actions and words are consistent

AP Psychology (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions