Motivation and Emotions

Question 1

achievement motivation

Answer 1

A desire for accomplishment and mastery.

Question 2

cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Answer 2

A theory that states that the physiological sensations of an emotion and the psychological experience of an emotion happen simultaneously. Neither one causes the other.

Question 3

display rules

Answer 3

Culturally based rules about the outward display of emotion.

Question 4

drive-reduction theory

Answer 4

Clark Hull’s theory of learning in which our drives, such as hunger or thirst, prompt our behavior, which causes a reduction in the drive. This reduction in the drive is reinforcing, which causes us to engage in the behavior more frequently.

Question 5

emotion

Answer 5

An internal subjective state of feeling and the bodily sensations that accompany that feeling.

Question 6

estrogen

Answer 6

A hormone that controls the menstrual cycles and development of female secondary sex characteristics. It is produced in the ovaries in women, and small amounts are produced in the testes in men.

Question 7

extrinsic

Answer 7

Something that comes from an external source. A paycheck is an example of an extrinsic reward.

Question 8

general adaptation syndrome

Answer 8

First described by Hans Selye, this is the name given to the three stages of physiological responses to prolonged stress: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

Question 9

hierarchy of needs

Answer 9

Developed by Abraham Maslow, a pyramid model in which basic needs, such as safety, food, and sleep, must be satisfied before the person can aspire to higher-level needs, such as belonging and self-esteem.

Question 10

homeostasis

Answer 10

Maintaining a consistent balance, or equilibrium.

Question 11

incentive

Answer 11

A benefit that is offered to encourage a specific behavior. The incentive theory of motivation holds that motivation is governed by incentives.

Question 12

instinct

Answer 12

An inborn, rather than learned, tendency toward a particular behavior.

Question 13

James-Lange theory of emotion

Answer 13

The theory that our experience of emotion depends on our awareness of our psychological responses.

Question 14

microexpression

Answer 14

A brief and involuntary facial expression that shows a reaction to emotions a person is experiencing.

Question 15

motivation

Answer 15

An internal state that activates goal-directed behavior.

Question 16

overjustification effect

Answer 16

Inadvertently reducing intrinsic motivation by introducing extrinsic incentives. For example, paying someone to do a task that used to be inherently enjoyable may cause a decrease in enjoyment on that task.

Question 17

set point

Answer 17

The point at which an individual’s weight limit is supposedly set.

Question 18

sexual orientation

Answer 18

The focus of a person’s sexual or romantic desires, fantasies or feelings, that describe the gender(s) to which that person is attracted.

Question 19

sexual response cycle

Answer 19

A pattern of response to sexual stimulation, consisting of five stages: desire, excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

Question 20

two-factor theory of emotion

Answer 20

A theory of emotion proposed by Stanley Schacter and Jerome Singer that says that experiencing emotional states is not only a function of arousal, but also cognitive interpretations of the arousal.