Classical and Operant Conditioning Flashcards

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1
Q

blocking

A

An interruption in the flow of thought

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2
Q

classical conditioning

A

Originally discovered by Ivan Pavlov, classical conditioning is a form of learning in which a subject learns an association between two stimuli. First, a stimulus (the unconditioned stimulus) produces an automatic, unlearned response (the unconditioned response). The unconditioned stimulus is then paired with a neutral stimulus (the conditioned stimulus) until the subject learns the association between the two stimuli, and the subject responds (the conditioned response) to the conditioned stimulus presented alone.

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2
Q

conditioned response (CR)

A

In classical conditioning, the response that has to be learned, as opposed to the unconditioned response (UCR), which occurs naturally without having to learn it.

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3
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

In classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus that is paired with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to provoke the conditioned response.

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4
Q

continuous reinforcement schedule

A

A reinforcement schedule in which every instance of the target behavior is reinforced.

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5
Q

desensitization

A

An example of a counterconditioning process. For example, someone who responds to heights with fear might be desensitized by pairing the experience of heights with something that promotes a relaxation response.

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6
Q

discrimination (learning)

A

The cognitive process whereby two or more stimuli are distinguished.

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7
Q

extinction

A

In operant conditioning, the disappearance of a behavior due to a previously reinforced behavior no longer being reinforced.

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8
Q

fixed schedule of reinforcement

A

A schedule in which reinforcement occurs after a consistent, or fixed number of responses (fixed ratio), or after a consistent amount of time (fixed interval).

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9
Q

generalization

A

The transfer of a response learned from one stimulus to a similar stimulus.

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10
Q

Little Albert

A

The little boy who was conditioned by John Watson and Rosalie Raynor to be afraid of a white rat. Watson and Raynor used classical conditioning to pair the rat with a loud noise, until Little Albert began to exhibit fear in response to the rat.

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11
Q

negative reinforcement

A

Anything that causes a behavior to increase by removing an adverse condition in response to the behavior, like taking aspirin to remove a headache.

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12
Q

neutral stimulus

A

A stimulus that does not provoke any particular response. In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus (NS) is paired with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) until the organism learns the association between the two stimuli. The neutral stimulus then becomes the conditioned stimulus (CS).

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13
Q

operant conditioning

A

A type of conditioning in which the organism learns an association between a voluntary behavior and its consequences.

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14
Q

partial reinforcement schedule

A

A schedule of reinforcement in which only certain instances of the desired behaviors are reinforced. Partial reinforcement schedules fall into four types: fixed ratio, fixed interval, variable ratio, and variable interval schedules.

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15
Q

positive reinforcement

A

Anything that causes a behavior to increase by administering something desirable in response to the behavior.

16
Q

preoperational

A

The second stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, occurring from ages 2 – 7. During this stage, children are capable of using symbols in their thinking, but they lack the ability to perform logical operations.

17
Q

primary reinforcer

A

A reinforcer, such as a food reinforcer, that meets a basic biological need.

18
Q

punishment

A

Anything that follows a behavior and causes the behavior to decrease.

19
Q

ratio schedule of reinforcement

A

A partial reinforcement schedule in which the organism is reinforced based upon the number of instances of the desired behavior. There can be fixed ratio schedules or variable ratio schedules.

20
Q

reinforcement

A

Anything that follows a behavior and causes the behavior to increase.

21
Q

schedule of reinforcement

A

A plan for how frequently a target behavior will be reinforced.

22
Q

secondary reinforcement

A

A reinforcer that does not in and of itself meet a basic biological need, but it can be exchanged for primary reinforcers, which would meet a basic biological need. Money is an example of a secondary reinforcer, because it can be exchanged for food or shelter.

23
Q

shaping

A

The process of reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior, until the organism is performing the desired behavior in its entirety.

24
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

The quick reoccurrence of a previously extinguished response when the reinforcer for the response is reintroduced.

25
Q

stimulus generalization

A

A phenomenon in classical conditioning in which the conditioned response occurs in response to stimuli that are similar, but not identical, to the conditioned stimulus.

26
Q

token economy

A

In operant conditioning, where one can earn tokens or some other reinforcer for certain behaviors.

27
Q

unconditioned response (UCR)

A

The unlearned, innate response to an unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

28
Q

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

A

A stimulus that provokes an innate, unlearned response (UCR).

29
Q

variable schedule of reinforcement

A

A partial schedule of reinforcement in which the reinforcer is delivered after either varying numbers of responses (a variable ratio schedule), or varying lengths of time (a variable interval schedule).