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History and Perspectives of Psychology Flashcards

-Development of Psychology as a Science -Modern Perspectives in Psychology -Fields in Psychology

1
Q

What type of question is this?

Is there a soul separate from the body, or are you the result of nerves firing and nothing else?

A

Dualism vs. monism

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2
Q

What type of question is this?

What’s more important, your genes (what you were born with) or how your parents raised you?

A

nature vs. nurture

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3
Q

What type of question is this?
How much are you really responsible for your actions, and how much of your actions can you blame on your parents, your genes, or other things beyond your control?

A

free will vs. determinism

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4
Q

What type of question is this?

How much are people basically the same wherever you go, and how much are they different. For instance, how much do you have in common with a farm worker in China in 1900?

A

universality vs. cultural specificity

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5
Q

What is the difference between philosophy and science?

A

Philosophy is a search for understanding using thought, while science relies on observation to inform thought. To put it another way, science uses the scientific method of testing hypotheses through observation, while philosophy does not. The two are closely linked and philosophy forms the basis of science, but science has the distinct difference of focusing only on what you can test using observation.

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6
Q

When is philosophy used?

A

Philosophy is often reserved for larger questions that are more a matter of values, ethics, or the direction of society.M Philosophy often guides science by determining what questions should be studied in more detail.

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7
Q

What is science used?

A

Science is often applied to more focused questions, such as developing ways to help cure a particular disease.

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8
Q

What is Rene Descartes significance in the history of science?

A

He convinced many people of the power of doubt and the strength of the scientific method. To truly know something, you have to be able to prove it. And although his scientific theories quickly passed into obscurity, he left a foundation for a psychological science. This theoretical construct established an initial psychological benchmark that later influenced the quest for self-understanding and uncovering the roots of human behavior.

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9
Q

Rene Descartes was considered a ________.

A

Rationalist and empiricist

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10
Q

What is a rationalist?

A

They believed that our senses could be deceived; instead we must rely on reasoning to understand the world.

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11
Q

What did Descartes study? What were his findings?

A

He set about examining the very essence of reality, starting with the mind and body. He went on to hypothesize about the causation of perceptions, emotions, and physical pain.

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12
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A
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13
Q

What is a empiricist?

A

Someone who believed that the source of knowledge is observation. Also believed that observation could lead to understanding how one thing causes another.

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14
Q

Using what you know about Descartes’ beliefs, do you think he was a dualist, or a monist?

A

Descartes argued that the universe is composed of separate parts that act on each other. It is not surprising, then, to know that he thought the mind and body were two separate things, and that a spirit (a soul) could exist that is separate from the body.

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15
Q

How did Descartes leave a mark for psychology?

A

He posited that a person is like anything else in the universe. Humans are composed of parts that affect each other. He asserted that what people feel, think, and do come largely from what’s happening in the machinery of the body.

This eventually led to psychology becoming a science. Thoughts, feelings, and actions are all mechanisms understandable through observation.

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16
Q

Descartes or not Descartes?

-The universe is a mechanism with different parts
-I think, therefore I am
-The universe can be understood

A

Descartes

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17
Q

Descartes or not Descartes?
-The universe cannot be understood
-Everything is one unified whole

A

Not Descartes

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18
Q

What is empirical science?

A

Science based on observations

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19
Q

What did Wilhelm Wundt believe?

A

that the mind must similarly be composed of elements (think of Inside Out)

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20
Q

Who established the first scientific laboratory to study psychology?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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21
Q

Why do many people consider Wundt to be the founder of psychology?

A

He was the first person to attempt using the scientific method to understand consciousness.

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22
Q

What did Wundt use to observe the brain?

A

Introspection

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23
Q

What was Wundt’s goal in using introspection?

A

His main focus was on sensation and perception, and how they formed the experience of existing, thinking, and feeling — in other words, consciousness.

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24
Q

What did structuralists interested in?

A

The basic structures of the mind (think of Inside Out)

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25
Edward Titchener was whose student?
Wundt’s
26
What idea did Titchener bring to America?
Brought Wundt’s ideas to the U.S. and named them structuralism.
27
What did William James believe in?
Functionalism
28
What is functionalism?
what someone does — is more important than the structure of the brain.
29
True or false. The two points of view — structuralism and functionalism — were evolving and competing at the same time.
True. Wundt set up his laboratory in 1879 and James published Principles only one year later.
30
Structure vs. Function -Mind as composed parts -Titchener -Sound plus sight equals watching a movie
Structuralism
31
Structure vs. Function -Purpose of the mind -James -Why does this movie make me cry?
Functionalism
32
What was Gestalt psychologists stance on structuralism and functionalism?
They opposed the structuralists' methods of studying the basic elements of consciousness, but they weren't exactly functionalists.
33
What is Gestalts psychology?
Individuals perceive objects and patterns as whole units and that the whole is more than the sum of its parts. They believed that behavior, perception, and all elements of the self must be viewed as a whole.
34
What does the word “gestalt” mean?
Whole form or pattern
35
Who were notable advocated in Gestalt Psychology?
Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Kohler.
36
Gestalt vs Structuralism vs Functionalism -Whole greater than parts -Kohler -Wertheimer
Gestalt
37
Who was the founder of psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud
38
What was Sigmund Freund’s belief ?
He emphasized the importance of unconscious mental processes and sexuality in shaping behavior. Freud's underlying belief is that individuals don't consciously control their thoughts and behaviors. Instead, Freud believed that unconscious forces determine thoughts and behavior. (Bro also rejected structuralism)
39
What did Freund influence?
His theory influenced many subsequent theories on personality, human development, motivation, emotion, abnormal behavior, and psychotherapy.
40
Besides Freud, who was another founder of psychoanalysis?
Carl Jung
41
What did Freund and Jung disagree on?
Freud saw emotional pain as an abnormal or unhealthy condition to be corrected, Jung saw the struggle with emotional pain as something natural, which people needed to understand to become whole.
42
Why is Jung considered part of the psychoanalysis school?
Because of his emphasis on the unconscious. Jung is famous for his ideas about the collective unconscious and archetypes — images and ideas that reoccur in many different societies.
43
What were John B. Waston’s views on psychoanalysis and introspection?
John B. Watson didn't believe that psychoanalysis or introspection could lead to useful discoveries. He thought it was unscientific to look inside the mind because it can't be directly observed.
44
What did Watson practice?
Behaviorism
45
What is behaviorism?
This approach says you should only look at a person's surroundings, and the person's actions (behaviors) that you can see. People were seen as taking in stimuli from the environment, and giving out responses. For instance, a person could take in the sight and smell of a pizza (stimuli) and then sit down and eat the pizza (response).
46
Here are the eight modern perspectives that are most common in psychology. Name them.
Psychodynamic: unconscious is most important. Behavioral: measurable behavior is most important. Cognitive: thinking and intelligence are most important. Humanistic: feelings and desires are most important. Biomedical (or biological): brain and nerves, medication. Evolutionary: it's about survival and adaptation. Socio-cultural: it's all about society. Social Cognitive: thinking in groups.
47
Psychodynamic
Behavior is driven by unconscious needs, desires, and conflicts
48
Behaviorial
Study should focus observable stimuli and responses. Behavior is shaped by the environment.
49
Cognitive
Thinking, learning, intelligence and memory, how emotions and behaviors are determined by thoughts
50
Humanistic
A person's desire to achieve * growth and personal potential, * each person in unique, free will.
51
Biological
Brain function, genetic influences, endocrine system function. Behavior, thoughts, and emotions as influenced by the systems in the body.
52
Evolutionary
Evolutionary influences, including how behavior patterns have evolved to help animals better adapt to their environments.
53
Sociocultural
Variations in thinking and behaving across cultures
54
Social cognitive
Interaction between the environment, culture, and personal characteristics
55
What is the difference between behaviorism and mental processes?
Behaviorism (Waston & Skinner) studies what can be observed, and mental processes are the unconscious (Freund & Jung).
56
What is the biomedical perspective?
It focuses on understanding how problems with thoughts and feelings are caused in the body. Most notably, the biomedical perspective focuses on the brain and the rest of the nervous system and how they create and influence thoughts and feelings.
57
How is the biomedical perspective seen today?
Today, this perspective is reflected in the popularity of prescription medications for treating depression, anxiety, and other common disorders.
58
Where does the evolutionary perspective come from?
Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution from the 1800s. (The perspective began in the 1980s tho)
59
What is the evolutionary perspective?
This perspective looks at how behavior evolves through natural selection and genetics.
60
Biomedical vs Evolutionary -Drugs -Berve and glands
Biomedical
61
Biomedical vs Evolutionary -Changes over generations -Genes
Evolutionary
62
What is the connive approach to psychotherapy?
the idea that thoughts trigger and control feelings
63
How is the cognitive approach similar to easily strcutalists?
Since it looks at the mental "structures" that make up thinking, the cognitive perspective shares some common ideas with the early structuralists in the 19th century.
64
What is the humanistic approach?
The humanistic approach , focuses on emotions, motivation, free will, and self-esteem.
65
What criticism does the congivitve approach get?
The cognitive approach has been criticized for being too narrowly focused on viewing the human brain as a computer and on being overly focused on objective science.
66
What is the criticism the humanistic approach faces?
The humanistic approach has been criticized by some for they have dismissed it as unscientific. In fact, some humanists claim to be more philosophers than scientists.
67
Humanistic vs Cognitive -Self actualization -Feeling afraid of rejection -Wanting to dial a phone number
Humanistic
68
Humanistic vs Cognitive -Working a math problem -Remembering a phone number
Cognitive
69
What is the socio-cultural perspective? Give an example.
The socio-cultural perspective emphasizes the effects of society and culture. For instance, many psychologists think there's scientific evidence that violent television programs cause children to be more violent, and that society needs to be careful about what kinds of programs are aired for children.
70
What is the social cognitive perspective?
The social cognitive perspective emphasizes how people think, learn, and solve problems in groups.
71
What is the difference between the socio-cultural and social cognitive perspectives?
The two perspectives sound similar and there's some overlap between them. The main difference is that the social-cognitive approach usually looks in more detail at how groups work on specific problems or how people learn from each other. The socio-cultural approach usually steps farther back and looks at the influence of an entire society on people, or vice-versa.
72
Socio-cultural vs Social Cognitive -Should guns be outlawed? -Society expects men to be aggressive
Socio-cultural
73
Socio-cultural vs Social Cognitive -A team of doctors figuring out whether to perform surgery -Sandy learned glassblowing from her classmate
Social Cognitive
74
Which emphasized the importance of unconscious forces? Functionalism Gestalt Structuralism Behaviorism Psychodynamic
Psychodynamic
75
John B. Watson is associated with which school of thought? Psychodynamic Behaviorism Structuralism Functionalism Gestalt
Behaviorism
76
Which emphasizes interactions between the environment, culture, and how people think? Socio-cultural Humanistic Psychodynamic Behaviorism Social cognitive
Social cognitive
77
Which emphasizes behavior, thoughts, and emotions as influenced by the systems in the body? Socio-cultural Psychodynamic Humanistic Behaviorism Biomedical
Biomedical
78
Which emphasizes thinking, learning, intelligence and memory? Biomedical Socio-cultural Behaviorism Cognitive Humanistic
Cognitive
79
Describe the psychologist degree
-(Doctoral degree) Ph.D in psychology
80
Describe a psychiatrist degree.
-Medical Degree (M.D.)
81
Describe a licensed professional counselor degree.
-Master’s degree (M.A. or M.S.) -trained to help people overcome psychological problems
82
What do clinical and counseling psychologists do?
They talk with people and help them work through their problems.
83
What is the difference between psychologists and psychiatrists?
While a psychiatrist must have extensive training in biology and medicine, a psychologist does not necessarily have such training and might not use the biomedical perspective extensively.
84
Describe how licensed counselors are different from psychologists and psychiatrists.
Licensed counselors, like psychiatrists, diagnose and treat mental disorders. However, counselors have Master's degrees (M.A. or M.S.) as opposed on an M.D. (psychiatrist) or Ph.D. (psychologist). Of the three groups, the licensed counseling profession is the most focused specifically on counseling people, families, and groups to help them overcome difficulties and reach their goals
85
What perspectives to licensed counselors focus on?
Most use an eclectic approach that combines different perspectives, depending on what will work with the client. Commonly used perspectives are cognitive, humanistic, and behavioral.
86
What perspective do psychiatrists focus on?
Biomedical
87
Because they can prescribe medication, psychiatrists sometimes work in teams alongside psychologists or counselors. What eclectic approach is used?
With the psychiatrists prescribing medication while the psychologist or counselor applies a complimentary perspective such as cognitive or humanistic.
88
Psychologist vs Psychiatrist vs Licensed Counselor -Ph.D. -Can work in almost every industry and work environment -Designing an instrument panel
Psychologist
89
Psychologist vs Psychiatrist vs Licensed Counselor -M.D. -Prescribes medication
Psychiatrist
90
Psychologist vs Psychiatrist vs Licensed Counselor -Master’s degree or certificate -Most focused on counseling
Licensed Counselor
91
What does a clinical psychologist do?
Treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders
92
What do neuropsychologists do?
Study brain functions and how they influence behavior
93
What do forensic psychologists do?
May do research on jury selection, or testify as an expert witness
94
What do experimental psychologists do?
Do research on a wide range of psychological phenomenon
95
What do evolutionary psychologists do?
Study how principles such as adaptation and mutation influence behavior
96

AP Psychology (51 decks)

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