Motivation and Emotion Flashcards
primary drives
biological needs, such as hunger or thirst
drive reduction theory
behavior is motivated by biological or survival needs. Our body seeks homeostasis, and if not fulfilled it creates primary and secondary drives.
secondary drives
learned drives that can get us to satisfy our primary drives. For example, we learn that resources like money can get us food and water.
arousal theory
we seek an optimal level of excitement or arousal. However, everyone has different levels of arousal. For example, someone with a high optimum level are drawn to high-excitement behaviors
Yerkes-Dodson Law
the relationship between preforming well on an easy task with a very high level of arousal
opponent-process theory of motivation
explains addictive behaviors because we may preform an act that moves us from the baseline, which is a state that normal people are usually at. At first, these acts will be pleasurable, but them we feel an opponent process, which is a motivation to return to our baseline.
incentive theory
examines how we learn to associate learned stimuli with rewards and punishment. We are motivated to seek the rewards.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
(from ascending order)
- Physiological Needs
- Safety Needs
- Belongingness and Love Needs
- Esteem Needs
- Self Actualization
self-actualization
need to fulfill our unique potential as a person
What part of the brain is associated with the feeling of hunger?
the lateral hypothalamus, which is the hunger center when stimulated causes one to eat.
What part of the brain tells us to stop eating?
the ventromedial hypothalamus
set-point theory
describes how the hypothalamus might decide what impulse to send. The hypothalamus wants to maintain a certain optimum body weight, and if is below it will tell us to eat and vice versa.
external food cues
attractiveness or availability of food
internal food cues
response to hunger inside your body
bulimia
binging on food and purging it by vomiting, excess exercise, or use of laxatives
anorexia nervosa
starve themselves to below 85% of their normal bod weight and refuse to eat
obesity
people who are severely overweight, and excess weight threatens health. They usually have unhealthy heating habits.
What is the sexual response cycle and what are the stages?
It described the primary task of organisms (reproductions) and the motivation behind it.
- initial excitement
- plateau phase
- orgasm
- resolution phase
initial excitement
genital areas become engorged with blood, penis becomes erect, clitoris swells, respiration and heart rate increase.
plateau phase
respiration and heart rate continue at an elevated level, genitals secrete fluids.
orgasm
pleasurable euphoria where respiration and heart rate increase and men ejaculate
resolution phase
respiration and heart rage return to normal
achievement motivation theory
examines our desires to master complex tasks and knowledge to reach personal goals. Humans seem to be motivated to figure out the world and some constantly challenge themselves.
extrinsic motivators
rewards we get for accomplishments from outside ourselves. This can include grades, salary, etc
intrinsic motivators
rewards we get internally, such as enjoyment or satisfaction
Theory X
managers believe that employees will work only if rewarded with benefits or threatened with punishment
Theory Y
managers believe that employees are internally motivated to do good work and policies should encourage this internal motive
approach-approach conflict
choosing between two desirable outcomes
avoidance-avoidance conflict
choosing between two unattractive outcomes
approach-avoidance conflict
when one event or goal has both attractive and unattractive features
multiple approach-avoidance conflicts
choosing between two or more things that have both desirable and undesirable outcomes
James-Lange theory
theorized we feel emotion because of biological change caused by stress
Cannon-Bard Theory
biological change and cognitive awareness of emotional state occur simultaneously
Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory
explains emotional experiences in a more complete way. Both of our physical responses and cognitive labels combine to cause any particular emotional response.
How do you measure stress?
the SRSS scale measures stress using LCUs (life-change units). A person taking this test would report changed in their life, such as selling their house or changing jobs. Each change would be counted as more LCU’s and would either be considered negative or positive. A person who scored a high SRRS would have more stress.
What is the GAS and what are the stages?
the general adaptation syndrome made by Hans Seyle to a stressful event.
- alarm reaction
- resistance
- exhaustion
alarm reaction
heart rate increases, blood is diverted away from other away from other body functions to muscles needed to react. This is the activation of the sympathetic nervous system
resistance
the body remains physiologically ready. Hormones are released to maintain this state of readiness. If the resistance stage lasts too long, the body can deplete its’ resources
exhaustion
parasympathetic nervous system helps us return to normal.
