Learning

Question 1

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 1

original stimulus that elicits a response

Question 2

unconditioned response

Answer 2

natural response to original stimulus

Question 3

conditioned response

Answer 3

original response that is elicited through new stimulus

Question 4

conditioned stimulus

Answer 4

trained stimulus to elicit original response

Question 5

delayed conditioning

Answer 5

presenting conditioned stimulus then presenting unconditioned stimulus

Question 6

trace conditioning

Answer 6

presenting conditioned stimulus, followed by short break, then followed by presentation of unconditioned stimulus

Question 7

simultaneous conditioning

Answer 7

presenting the conditioned and unconditioned stimulus at the same time

Question 8

backward conditioning

Answer 8

presenting unconditioned stimulus first then following it with conditioned stimulus

Question 9

extinction

Answer 9

process of unlearning a behavior

Question 10

spontaneous recovery

Answer 10

response that has been extincted randomly reappears upon presentation of conditioned stimulus

Question 11

generalization

Answer 11

tendency to respond to similar conditioned stimuli

Question 12

discriminate

Answer 12

telling the difference between various stimuli

Question 13

aversive conditioning

Answer 13

conditioning with something negative

Question 14

second-order conditioning

Answer 14

using the new conditioned stimulus as an unconditioned stimulus to a new stimulus

Question 15

learned taste aversions

Answer 15

creating powerful avoidance responses upon a single basis pairing; usually with salient (strong and unusual) tastes

Question 16

operant conditioning

Answer 16

learning based on association of consequences

Question 17

law of effect

Answer 17

if consequences are pleasant, than the stimulus-response connection will be strengthened and likelihood of behavior will increase

Question 18

positive reinforcement

Answer 18

addition of something pleasant

Question 19

negative reinforcement

Answer 19

removal of something unpleasant

Question 20

escape learning

Answer 20

learning that allows one to terminate aversive stimulus

Question 21

avoidance learning

Answer 21

learning that enables to avoid unpleasant stimulus altogether

Question 22

positive punishment

Answer 22

addition of something unpleasant

Question 23

negative punishment

Answer 23

removal of something pleasant

Question 24

shaping

Answer 24

reinforcing steps used to reach desired behavior

Question 25

chaining

Answer 25

when subjects can be taught to preform a number of responses successively in order to get a reward (think an obstacle course)

Question 26

generalized reinforcer

Answer 26

can be traded for virtually anything, example: money

Question 27

token economy

Answer 27

each time one perform a desired behavior, they are given a token that they can trade in

Question 28

Premack principle

Answer 28

using one of two activities that is preferred to reinforce an activity that is not preferred

Question 29

continuous reinforcement

Answer 29

rewarding behavior each time when first learning it

Question 30

partial-reinforcement effect

Answer 30

behaviors will be more resistant to extinction if animal has not been reinforced continuously

Question 31

fixed-ratio schedule

Answer 31

provides reinforcement after a set number of responses

Question 32

variable-ratio schedule

Answer 32

provides reinforcement in various number of responses

Question 33

fixed-interval schedule

Answer 33

requires certain amount of time to elapse before reward

Question 34

variable-interval schedule

Answer 34

varies amount of time required to elapse before a reward is given

Question 35

instinctive drift

Answer 35

tendency for animals to ignore rewards and pursue typical patterns

Question 36

contiguity model

Answer 36

the more times two things are paired, the greater the learning will take place