Cognition

Question 1

What is the three-box model and what are the steps?

Answer 1

proposes three stages that information passes through before it is stored

1. sensory memory
2. short term/working memory
3. long-term memory

Question 2

sensory memory

Answer 2

split-second holding tank for incoming sensory information

Question 3

iconic memory

Answer 3

split-second perfect photograph of a scene

Question 4

echoic memory

Answer 4

perfect brief (3-4 second) memory for sounds

Question 5

selective attention

Answer 5

we encode what we are attending to or what is important to us

Question 6

cocktail party effect

Answer 6

involuntary switching attention away from our selective attention to a sudden message

Question 7

short-term memory

Answer 7

temporary memories that last 10-30 econds

Question 8

chunking

Answer 8

grouping items with no more than seven groups to help you remember more things

Question 9

episodic memory

Answer 9

memories of specific events, stored in a sequential series

Question 10

semantic memory

Answer 10

general knowledge o the world; like facts, meanings or categories

Question 11

procedural memory

Answer 11

memories of skills and how to perform them and may be difficult to describe in words

Question 12

implicit memories

Answer 12

memories that we do not even realize that we have

Question 13

levels of processing model

Answer 13

explains why we remember what we do by examining how deeply the memory was processed or thought about.

Question 14

recognition

Answer 14

process of matching current event or fact with one already in memory

Question 15

primacy effect

Answer 15

we are more likely to recall items presented at beginning of list

Question 16

recency effect

Answer 16

we are more likely to recall items at the end of the list

Question 17

serial position effect

Answer 17

the order of the list affects our recall ability

Question 18

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Answer 18

the temporary inability to remember information

Question 19

semantic network theory

Answer 19

our brain might form new memories by connecting their meaning and contexts with meanings already in memory

Question 20

flashbulb memories

Answer 20

importance of event caused us to encode the context surrounding it (how we feel or what we were doing at that moment)

Question 21

mood-congruent memory

Answer 21

the greater likelihood of recalling an item when our mood matches the mood that we were in when the event happened

Question 22

state-dependent memory

Answer 22

phenomenon of recalling events while in particular states of consciousness

Question 23

constructed memory

Answer 23

report false details of a real event or might even be a recollection of an event that may have never occurred

Question 24

relearning effect

Answer 24

learning something again that you forgot is easier than you did the first time

Question 25

retroactive interference

Answer 25

learning new information interferes with recall of older information

Question 26

proactive interference

Answer 26

old information learned previously interferes with recall of information learned recently

Question 27

anterograde amnesia

Answer 27

inability to encode new memories, but one can recall events already in memory

Question 28

long-term potentiation

Answer 28

neurons can strengthen connections between each other through repeated firings and into our long-term memory

Question 29

phonemes

Answer 29

smallest units of sound in a language

Question 30

morphemes

Answer 30

smallest unit of meaningful sound

Question 31

language acquisition steps

Answer 31

1. babbling stage
2. holophrastic stage
3. telegraphic stage

Question 32

babbling stage

Answer 32

(4 months) baby’s experimentation with phonemes

Question 33

holophrastic stage

Answer 33

(age 1) babies speak in single words

Question 34

telegraphic stage

Answer 34

(18 months) toddlers combine words they can say into simple commands and overgeneralize (misapplication) of grammar rulse

Question 35

linguistic relativity hypothesis

Answer 35

the language that we use might control, or limit, our thinking

Question 36

prototypes

Answer 36

most typical example of particular concept

Question 37

algorithm

Answer 37

rule that guarantees the right solution by using a formula or other foolproof method

Question 38

availability heuristic

Answer 38

judging a situation based on examples of similar situations that come to mind initially

Question 39

representative heuristic

Answer 39

judging a situation based on how similar the aspects are to protoypes the person holds in their mind

Question 40

belief bias

Answer 40

making illogical conclusions in order to confirm our preexisting beliefs

Question 41

belief perseverance

Answer 41

tendency to maintain a belief even after evidence is used to form the belief is contradicted

Question 42

rigidity

Answer 42

tendency to fall into established thought patterns

Question 43

functional fixedness

Answer 43

inability to see a new use for an object

Question 44

confirmation bias

Answer 44

tendency to look for evidence that confirms our beliefs and ignore evidence that contradicts what we believe

Question 45

convergent thinking

Answer 45

thinking pointed toward one solution

Question 46

divergent thinking

Answer 46

thinking that searches for multiple possible answers to a question