Cognition Flashcards
What is the three-box model and what are the steps?
proposes three stages that information passes through before it is stored
- sensory memory
- short term/working memory
- long-term memory
sensory memory
split-second holding tank for incoming sensory information
iconic memory
split-second perfect photograph of a scene
echoic memory
perfect brief (3-4 second) memory for sounds
selective attention
we encode what we are attending to or what is important to us
cocktail party effect
involuntary switching attention away from our selective attention to a sudden message
short-term memory
temporary memories that last 10-30 econds
chunking
grouping items with no more than seven groups to help you remember more things
episodic memory
memories of specific events, stored in a sequential series
semantic memory
general knowledge o the world; like facts, meanings or categories
procedural memory
memories of skills and how to perform them and may be difficult to describe in words
implicit memories
memories that we do not even realize that we have
levels of processing model
explains why we remember what we do by examining how deeply the memory was processed or thought about.
recognition
process of matching current event or fact with one already in memory
primacy effect
we are more likely to recall items presented at beginning of list
recency effect
we are more likely to recall items at the end of the list
serial position effect
the order of the list affects our recall ability
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
the temporary inability to remember information
semantic network theory
our brain might form new memories by connecting their meaning and contexts with meanings already in memory
flashbulb memories
importance of event caused us to encode the context surrounding it (how we feel or what we were doing at that moment)
mood-congruent memory
the greater likelihood of recalling an item when our mood matches the mood that we were in when the event happened
state-dependent memory
phenomenon of recalling events while in particular states of consciousness
constructed memory
report false details of a real event or might even be a recollection of an event that may have never occurred
relearning effect
learning something again that you forgot is easier than you did the first time
retroactive interference
learning new information interferes with recall of older information
proactive interference
old information learned previously interferes with recall of information learned recently
anterograde amnesia
inability to encode new memories, but one can recall events already in memory
long-term potentiation
neurons can strengthen connections between each other through repeated firings and into our long-term memory
phonemes
smallest units of sound in a language
morphemes
smallest unit of meaningful sound
language acquisition steps
- babbling stage
- holophrastic stage
- telegraphic stage
babbling stage
(4 months) baby’s experimentation with phonemes
holophrastic stage
(age 1) babies speak in single words
telegraphic stage
(18 months) toddlers combine words they can say into simple commands and overgeneralize (misapplication) of grammar rulse
linguistic relativity hypothesis
the language that we use might control, or limit, our thinking
prototypes
most typical example of particular concept
algorithm
rule that guarantees the right solution by using a formula or other foolproof method
availability heuristic
judging a situation based on examples of similar situations that come to mind initially
representative heuristic
judging a situation based on how similar the aspects are to protoypes the person holds in their mind
belief bias
making illogical conclusions in order to confirm our preexisting beliefs
belief perseverance
tendency to maintain a belief even after evidence is used to form the belief is contradicted
rigidity
tendency to fall into established thought patterns
functional fixedness
inability to see a new use for an object
confirmation bias
tendency to look for evidence that confirms our beliefs and ignore evidence that contradicts what we believe
convergent thinking
thinking pointed toward one solution
divergent thinking
thinking that searches for multiple possible answers to a question
