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AP Psychology > Biological Bases of Behavior > Flashcards

Biological Bases of Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

dendrites

A

rootlike parts of the cell that stretch out from cell body. They grow to make synpatic connections with other neurons.

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2
Q

cell body

A

contains the nucleus to sustain life

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3
Q

axon

A

wirelike structure in the terminal buttons that extends from the cell body

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4
Q

myelin sheath

A

fatty covering around axon of some neurons that speeds neural impulses

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5
Q

terminal buttons

A

branched end of axon that contains neurotransmitters

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6
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals contained in terminal buttons that enable neurons to communicate. They fit onto receptor sites of dendrites on neurons like “a key fits onto a lock”.

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7
Q

How does a neuron fire?

A

The neuron has an overall slightly negative charge and positive charge in the nucleus. The terminal buttons release neurotransmitters and fit onto another cell’s dendrites. If enough neurotransmitters are received, then the cell membrane becomes permeable and positive ions rush into the cell (action potential).

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8
Q

all-or-none principle

A

a neuron either fires completely or it does not fire at all

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9
Q

sensory neurons

A

take information from senses to the brain

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10
Q

interneurons

A

take information from brain to motor neurons

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11
Q

motor neurons

A

take information from brain to rest of body

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12
Q

central nervous system

A

composes of spinal cord and brain, and all of the nerves within the bone

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13
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

consists of all the other nerves in your body and is composed of the somatic and autonomic nervous system

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14
Q

somatic nervous system

A

voluntary movements

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15
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

automatic functions of body; heart, lungs, organs, etc. It is composed of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.

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16
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

responds to stress; alert system of body. It accelerates functions such as heart rate, blood pressure and respiration

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17
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

calms down body after stress response to normal state

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18
Q

lesioning

A

removal or destruction of part of brain; for example, may be useful for removal of tumor. Often changes behavior.

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19
Q

Who is Phineas Gage and what happened?

A

Gage damaged his front part of his brain, and his behavior and personality changed completely after the accident.

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20
Q

EEG

A

sends brain waves; good for determining states of consciousness

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21
Q

CAT Scan

A

sophisticated X-ray that is a three-dimensional picture of brain’s structure.

22
Q

MRI

A

takes detailed images of brain to indicate structure of brain

23
Q

PET Scan

A

measures how much of a certain chemical parts of the brain are using to show function

24
Q

fMRI

A

combines MRI and PET scans to show function and structure

25
Q

hindbrain

A

consists of top part of spinal cord. This is our life support system; controls basic biological functions to keep us alive. Consists of medulla, pons, and cerebellum.

26
Q

medulla

A

controls blood pressure, heart rate and breathing.

27
Q

pons

A

involved in facial expressions

28
Q

cerebellum

A

coordinates habitual muscle movements

29
Q

midbrain

A

coordinates simple movements with sensory information; contains reticular formation

30
Q

forebrain

A

controls thought and reason; also includes thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus (limbic system)

31
Q

thalamus

A

receives sensory signals from spinal cord and sends them to rest of forebrain

32
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls metabolic functions, such as body temperature, sexual arousal (libido), hunger, thirst and endocrine system

33
Q

amygdala

A

vital for emotions

34
Q

hippocampus

A

memories are encoded here for permanent storage

35
Q

cerebral cortex

A

gray, wrinkled surface that has densely packed neurons. It increases available surface area, hence why it is wrinkled

36
Q

contralateral control

A

right hemisphere gets sensory messages and controls motor function of left half of body; and vice versa

37
Q

brain lateralization/hemispheric specialization

A

the left hemisphere controls logic and sequential tasks, and the right hemisphere preforms spatial and creative tasks.

38
Q

association area

A

located in the cerebral cortex; controls muscle movements and human thoughts and behaviors

39
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

in the frontal lobe; plays a critical role for foreseeing consequences, pursuing goals, and maintaining emotional control

40
Q

Broca’s area

A

in the frontal lobe; responsible for controlling muscles involved in speech

41
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

in temporal lobe; responsible for language development and comprehension of speech

42
Q

motor cortex

A

in frontal lobe; controls voluntary movements in feet and toes

43
Q

parietal lobes

A

contains sensory cortex, which receives incoming touch sensations. Located behind frontal lobe.

44
Q

occipital lobes

A

located at very back of brain; contains visual cortex

45
Q

temporal lobes

A

process sound from our ears; contains Wernicke’s area

46
Q

adrenal glands

A

produce adrenaline, which signals rest of body to prepare for flight or fight. Involved in autonomic nervous system

47
Q

reticular formation

A

regulates sleep-wake cycle and filters incoming stimuli to discover what is important

48
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Involved with motor movement; lack of ACh is associated with Alzheimer’s disease

49
Q

Dopamine

A

Involved with motor movement and alertness; lack of dopamine is associated with Parkinson’s disease and overabundance of dopamine is associated with schizophrenia

50
Q

Endorphins

A

function is pain control; involved with addictions

51
Q

Serotonin

A

involved with mood control; lack of serotonin is associated with clinical depression

AP Psychology (15 decks)

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