motivation

Question 1

intrinsic motivation

Answer 1

• Internal drive to participate
• Taking part for enjoyment
• Internal mechanisms which arouse and drive behaviour

Question 2

extrinsic motivation

Answer 2

• External drive to participate
• Taking part for rewards
• Tangible rewards
  Certificate
  Money
  Trophy , medal
• Intangible rewards
  Praise
  Feel good factor
  Health
  Appreciation and respect

Question 3

use of intrinsic motivation

Answer 3

• Make movement enjoyable
• Explain cognitive value to participants
• Be cautious - don’t underplay the power of intrinsic motivation
• Coaches want to recognise and reinforce intrinsic motivation

Question 4

use of extrinsic motivation

Answer 4

• Goal setting with rewards
• Trophies - player of week
• Point system
• Badges - swimming , dancing

Question 5

effects of intrinsic motivation

Answer 5

• Perseverance
• Positence
• Positive attitude
• Positive influence on others
• Lifetime participation

Question 6

effects of extrinsic motivation

Answer 6

• Increases drive to the goal
• Once achieved, increase in confidence
• Status
• Often overused
• Replaces intrinsic

Question 7

Achievement Motivation

Answer 7

• The tendency to approach or avoid competitive situations.
• Drive to Succeed
• Fear of failure
• Looks at how much desire a player has to keep on trying to succeed
• It looks at two personality dimension identified by the sports scientist atkinson (1964)

Question 8

Need to Achieve (NACH)

Answer 8

• The need to achieve; approach behaviour. The player welcomes competition.
• EG: a football who volunteer to take a penalty in a penalty shootout would display this approach
• They welcome competition.
• EG: in a squash ladder, they would want to play someone of equal ability. They risk losing, however immense satisfaction and pride if you win
• They take risks.
• EG: a rock climber may take a more challaned route as there is more satisfaction when you reach the top
• They are very confident.
• EG: the NACH means the player has confidence in their ability to complete the task
• They are task persistent.
• EG: the player will keep trying, even if they fail the first time. They will work in training to put right the things they got wrong
• They attribute success internally.
• EG: players with NACH believe the reason for the success was down to them, or the amount of effort they put into the game
• They welcome feedback and evaluation.
• EG: players with NACH would prioritise praise/feedback from a coach or statistics after a game
• They base their actions on trying to seek pride and satisfaction from their performance.

Question 9

Need to Avoid Failure (NAF)

Answer 9

• Personality type that shows a need to avoid failure. The player will avoid risks.
• They seek safe and secure options rather than risky ones
• Characteristics are:
• They give up easily.
• Unlikely to have another go if they fail the first time
• Do not like to damage their self esteem (‘if i can’t do it, why bother?’)
• Those with this personality type may develop a negative attitude towards an activity
• EG: if you lack flexibility for gymnastics, it may lead to some giving up the sport of trying to improve
• They do not like feedback or evaluation.
• EG: NAF personalities tend to avoid looking at the stats sheet in case they find something unwelcome that could affect future self esteem
• They take the easy option.
• EG: in squash ladder , someone with NAF personality may play someone at the bottom of the ladder, who they can easily beta
• They may pick someone at the very top of the league as if they lose, they were expected to do so

Question 10

What determines the NACH or NAF approach?

Answer 10

• Interaction: combination of situational and personality factors that decide the level of achievement motivation
• In some situations, a sport performer will show approach behaviour (NACH) and in others, show avoidance (NAF)
• The NACH or NAF are situation-specific, it depends on the interaction of the personality and the situations

Question 11

personality

Answer 11

• Can affect NACH or NAF
• Personality can be innate (born with) or learnt from others (social learning theory).
• What affects personality?:
• Those performers with the trait of approaching competition will try hard in most situations.

Question 12

situational

Answer 12

• The performer has to gauge the probability of success in the task and the incentive gained from success.
• If a task is easier, it will probably be completed successfully however offer little incentive or pride
• Such an approach may be adopted by a person with the NAF
• However, the undertaking of a task degree of difficulty may not be completed successfully, but with practice, if the task is completed, the performer will feel huge sense of pride and satisfaction
• A person with a NACH may adopt this approach

Question 13

How to develop the Need to Achieve

Answer 13

• Reinforcement
• Attribute success internally
• Allow success
• Improve confidence
• Goal Set

Question 14

reinforcement

How to develop the Need to Achieve

Answer 14

• A coach should offer praise and rewards to players who do well or who achieve their goals, so players keep their desire to do well
• This may promote task persistence

Question 15

Attribute success internally

How to develop the Need to Achieve

Answer 15

• The coach should tell the player that any success achieved was down to something for which the player has responsibility
• This could be the amount of effort the player has put into winning a game or good technique when executing skills

Question 16

allow success

How to develop the Need to Achieve

Answer 16

• To encourage the belief in success and improve confidence, the coach could set tasks and training drills that can be accomplished
• In early stages of development, simple tasks the performer can complete may raise confidence.

Question 17

imporve confidence

How to develop the Need to Achieve

Answer 17

• Point out past successful performances
• Give support and encouragement
• Set attainable goals
• Attribute success to athlete

Question 18

goal set

How to develop the Need to Achieve

Answer 18

• Coaches and player should set goals that are achievable with an amount of effort
• Satisfaction is not be gained from achieving the goal
• Goals should not be purely about winning or losing, it could refer to using correct techniques or setting a personal target in a match situation (80% pass completion rate).

Question 19

achievement goal theory

Answer 19

• Suggests that motivation and task persistence depend on the type of goals set by the performer and how they measure success.
• Goals can be set to include an outcome which is based on beating an opponent. It doesn’t matter how the result was achieved as long as the goal is reached.
• Apply to a sporting example. - Manchester and liverpool
• If the performer succeeds then pride and satisfaction are maintained. (AO3)
• If the performer fails to get the result, confidence can be lowered.
• What will be the IMPACT of this on the performer?
• Wont want to train or play - loose self confidence
• A task-related goal is concerned with the process of success, which is measured against the performer’s own standards rather than against others.
• The performer will consider their perceived level of ability when evaluating such goals.
• The IMPACT of this is that, success can be achieved regardless of the result, thus confidence is maintained.