Motivation Flashcards
Motivation VS Behaviour
Motivation differ, behavior is the same n- ex sitting in lecture taking psych
Motivation - motif - to move
Wants and needs that move you
A process that energizes guides and maintains behaviour towards a goal
Categories of motivation
Biological
Individual
Social
Hierarchy
William James (Biological)
( father of funtionalism)
Instincts - unlearned behaviour complex patterns
Ie cry when we are born, bee formation, etc
Every animal shows that same instinct (ex all birds want to migrate not one)
Teeth grinding
Naming behaviours rather than explaining them
Behaviourist interested in instincts
Biological motivations (Biological)
(behaviorists)
Maintaining homeostasis - actions by the body to keep itself in physiological equilibrium
Equilibrium - state of physiological balance
Drives - internal states caused by physiological needs
Deviation from equilibrium (biological)
Food water - hungry thirsty - drink eat (drive reducing behaviours)
Drive reduction theory
(biological)
Any behaviour that has a positive outcome will be repeated
Repetition becomeas a habit
Yerkes Dodson Law
(biological)
Inverted U
More arousal more performance, too much arousal performance starts to go back down
Changes for easy tasks and difficult
Individual motivations
Intrinsic
extrinsic
individual
self efficacy
Intrinsic Motivations
(individual)
“I love psych”, passion, rewarding, motivation from within
Extrinsic Motivation
(individual)
External reward, prereq, avoid punishment, external motivation
Intrinsic and Extrinsic interaction
(individual)
They interact
Can push each other
Reinforced with extrinsic motivators can decrease intrinsic motivators
Ex why am i playing sax not for money now
Individual motivation (ex and In)
Started out high on intrinsic motivation
As soon as i got paid (extrinsic tangible) - decrease in intrinsic motivation
Unexpected extrinsic motivation (praise) increased intrinsic motivation
Lack of expected praise decreases intrinsic
Expectation is also extrinsic
Self efficacy (individual)
What are the outcomes of my actions
Motivation comes from our expectation of the consequences of our behaviour
Social motivation
Achievement motivation
Accomplishment and performance
Affiliation
Social connectedness
Intimacy
Deep, meaningful relationships
Hierarchy Motivation
Heirarchy of needs (Maslow)
Self actua;ization
Esteem Beeds
Belongingness and love needs
saftey needs
physiological needs
Self actualization
Need to live up to our unique and fullest potential
Esteem needs
Self esteem achievement competence independence need for recognition and respect from others
Belongingness and love needs
To love and be loved, belong and accepted, need to avoid loneliness and separation
Safety needs
World is organized and predictable, feel safe secure and stable
Physiological needs
Satisfy hunger and thirst
Additional Hiereachy layer (top)
Self transendence
- extends to humanity
Slef actualized people
2%
Motehr theresa, jane assams, abraham lincoln, beethoven
Superior perception of reality
Accepts self and others
Identifies with human species
Has more peak experiences
Maslow theory (heirarchy) critiques
Assumes Higher level needs trump lower level needs
Not scientific no control group
Culturally biased
Motivation and Hunger
Hypothalamus
Anatomy of hunger
Horomones, metabolism, set point theory
Hunger horomones
Ghrelin, Orexin, Leptin, (dopamine)
Ghrelin
(released by stomach)
Hypothalamus recognizes it and produces
Orexin
Orexin
(released by hypothalamus)
Why we feel hungry
Leptin
Fat cells release
Must be feeling full
Decrease in enjoyment of eating
Inhibits the function of dopamine
Hyperphagia
More ghrelin
always hungry, weight gain, diabetes
Leptin deficiency
eating is very rewarding
Metabolism
Catabolism(breaks down food)/anabolsim(storage of energy)
Set trait
general place where weight fluctuates
Metabolic rate
amount of energy expended in a given period of time
Variteties
Minimum energy is basic metabolic rate
Set point Theory
Ideal weight (set point)
resistant to change
genetically set
body compensates when attempting undergoing extreme weight change
Evidence Against Set pont Theory
Social network influences your weight
Friend becomes obese - 57% chance you do too
Sibling - 50%
Spouse - 50%
Obese
BMI>30
30% world obese
Canada 64%
No country has reduced obesity rate past 30 y
Die 3 - 7 years earlier
Lilet depression lower self esteem, earn less, more health problems
BMI
Body Mass Index
Not accurate
Sociology of obesity
Compared to grandparents we are becoming more sedentary
Greater availability of fast food
Increasing wealth gap
Racialized individual do not have the time/financial resources to eat well/exercise
Increase straining on precious resources
Food and familiarity
Food tastes are culturally determined
Ex famines, people are sent things they aren’t used too - more starvation
Eating disorders (def)
Maladaptive and persistent eating behaviours that negatively impact your health, emotions and ability to function in important areas of life
Social/Cultural factors and genetic factors play
Eating disorders (list)
Anorexia
Bulimia
Binge Eating disorder
Other specified feeding or eating disorders
Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder
Pica
Rumination Disorder
Unspecified Feeding or eating disorder
Anorexia
Low body weight
Intense fear or gaining weight/drive for thinness
Distorted body image -> body dysmorphia
High value on controlling weight and shape
Restrictive eating/starvation, excessive exercise
ANorexia health outcomes
Bone loss
Kidney failure
Heart failure
Amenorrhea
Reduced function of gonads
Death
Increase risk for psychological problems
Bulimia Nervosa
Binge eating
Behaviors to compensate for the large amount of food consumed
Purging, laxative use, excessive exercise, enemas, etc
Fear avoidance of gaining weight
Self evaluation is tied to body weight
Sub Types
Purging and Non Purging
Bulimia Nervosa health outcomes
Kidney failure
Tooth decay
Heart failure
Increased risk for psychological problems
Ghrelin and Leptin in EDs
High levels of ghrelin in anorexia
No leptin
Core Motivations of Sex
Pleasure
Procreation
Biology of Sex
Hypothalamus
Nucleus Accumbens
Amygdala
Damage to hypothalamus
Ability
Motivation (sex)
limbic system- nucleus and amygdala
(hypothalamus and hormone secretion)
Men (horomones)
Androgens
Testosterone
Women (horomones)
Oestrogens
Estradiol
LGBTQ+ stats
3-10%
Sexuality and Brain
differences in sizes of hypothalamus and amygdala
and stimulants
gender dysphoria
gender identity is at odds with biological sex - causes discomfort
Genetic component (sexuality)
Twins 50% chance other twin is also trans*
CYP 17 gene
Brain structure sexuality
aligns with experienced gender
Alfred Kinsey
Women
Interested
Experienced
Both men and women
Mastrubated
Homosexual - Bisexual - heterosexual
SAM vs HPA
SAM is instant (adreneline)
Thalamus-Hypothalamus-Adrenal Medulla
HPA axis is slower (cortisol to oppress immune system)
“” adrenal cortext
