Intro Psych Flashcards
What is Psychology?
Psyke - “breath, spirit, soul”
Logia “Logic:
Roots in Philosophy
ex aristotle
Descartes - Mind is spiritual
Helmholtz
Stimulus reaction foot vs hand
Sense of wires along to body to be processed by mind
Measuring phenomenon
Empirical approach - repeatable results
Assistant started measuring reaction times ->
Wilhelm Mundt
First person to establish lab, book
Scientific study of the conscious experience (1879)
Used introspection
self measuring reaction - he trained people to interspect - objectively observed conscious experience - measured reaction times
What is the structure of consciousness? (Structuralism)
Analyzed emotion and thought 0 the components of emotions ie. seating, expression…
Elements of conscious experience
Introspection - would describe that they see a duck but would describe what makes it that thing
Structuralism
Needed very educated people (sample bias)
This was criticized because this isn’t accurate to the entire population
Inherently subjective
Functionalism - US -
William James
Function of brain
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
What biological function does consciousness sure
Competitive advantage
Survival
Mind as a whole, rather than individual parts
Also believed in introspection
Early 20th
Wetheimer
Gestalt Psychology
Moved to US (from germany), where behaviorism was taking place
Gestalt Psychology
Means “whole”
Sensory experience can be broken down into individual parts
But the whole is what the individual experiences as perception
Ex. words - squiggly lines we can make sense of
Gestalt principles led way to behaviorism
Experimental Branch
Von Helmholtz, Wundt, James, gestalt
Clinical Branch
Freud
Freud
The unconscious mind
Wants, desires, behavious (sexual/agressive nature)
Repressed childhood trauma
Dream analysis, free association, Freudian slips
Freud problems
Cant prove his theory wrong
Unfalsifiable
Placed too much emphasis on sex
Freud pros
Highlight childhood experiences, upbringing
Unconscious vs conscious
Motivations can cause psychological conflict
Behaviorism
Things can be learned
Werent keen on emotion and motivation
Consciousness is flawed
Emotion too subjective, only behaviour is truly measurable
Complex computer
One foot in experimental one in clinical
Classical conditioning (behaviourism)
Pavlov
Associate outside stimulus to known one
Bell = salivating, ring bell every time food is given
Operant Conditioning (behaviourism)
B. F. Skinner
Behavior - reward
Behavior, positive outcome, repeated
Behaviors, negative outcome, stopped
The Humanists
Potential for growth, to do good things
Inherently you are good
Personal control and intentionality
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Physiological - food/water…
Safety - shelter
belonging/love - friends family
Self esteem - recognition respect
Self Actualization - pursue inner talent, fulfillment, creativity
Carl Rogers
Client centered therapy
You know yourself best
Help sort out thoughts, not correct/change
Emphasized unconditional positive regard
Therapist needs to be invested kind empathic genuine
The cognitive revolution
Kind of against behaviorism
Placed emphasis on mental processes
Linguistics (language shaping thought)
Neuroscience (how the brain works)
More collaboration across fields (anthropologists)
Feminist physcology
Karen Horney
Noami Weisstein (68)
Psychology of women developed out of the amle perspective
Seeks to rid psychology of all gender bias
Study gender differences
Re-evaluate contribution of women (ex. Anna Freud)
Multicultural Psychology
Explanations for different events depend on cultural upbringing
Precedents of eating disorders differ by culture
Hallucinations influenced by culture
Cecil Summer
First african american to get a phd
Much early work done by black scholars was on intelligence
Particularly big impact in social psychology
Biopsychology
Brain ns genetic glands
Brain and nervous system
Many sub disciplines(sleep, sensation, perception, disorders, developmental)
Focuses on immediate causes of behavior’
Evolutionary Psychology
Not immediate effects, but long term effects
Ultimat biological causes of behavior
If a behavior is determined by genetics it will be shaped by surroundings
Ex. fear of snakes (preparedness theory)
Common behaviors across human cultures = common genetic cause (ex. Expression of emotions)
Developmental psychology
Newer field, new things
Developmental trajectories
Cognitive social emotional physical, moral
Periods of neural blooding in childhood and puberty
Neural decline as we age, but it is used more efficiently
Personality Psychology
Patterns and characteristic ways of thinking and behaving
Unique to a person
Early theories look at resolution of sexual desires (ie Freud)
Modern personality tests look at identifying traits (stable dispositional qualities)
Five factor model (OCEAN)
Myers-Briggs
Social Psychology
How the perceived presence of other people influence us
The bystander effect
Your behavior now
Ex an answer you know is wrong but others said it
Clinical psychology
Ability to identify and diagnose mental disorders
Applied discipline
Psychoanalysis//Humanistic//Cognitive Behavior Approach
