Intro Psych

Question 1

What is Psychology?

Answer 1

Psyke - “breath, spirit, soul”
Logia “Logic:

Question 2

Roots in Philosophy

Answer 2

ex aristotle
Descartes - Mind is spiritual

Question 3

Helmholtz

Answer 3

Stimulus reaction foot vs hand
Sense of wires along to body to be processed by mind
Measuring phenomenon
Empirical approach - repeatable results
Assistant started measuring reaction times ->

Question 4

Wilhelm Mundt

Answer 4

First person to establish lab, book
Scientific study of the conscious experience (1879)
Used introspection
self measuring reaction - he trained people to interspect - objectively observed conscious experience - measured reaction times
What is the structure of consciousness? (Structuralism)
Analyzed emotion and thought 0 the components of emotions ie. seating, expression…
Elements of conscious experience
Introspection - would describe that they see a duck but would describe what makes it that thing
Structuralism
Needed very educated people (sample bias)
This was criticized because this isn’t accurate to the entire population
Inherently subjective

Question 5

Functionalism - US -
William James

Answer 5

Function of brain
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
What biological function does consciousness sure
Competitive advantage
Survival
Mind as a whole, rather than individual parts
Also believed in introspection

Question 6

Early 20th
Wetheimer

Answer 6

Gestalt Psychology
Moved to US (from germany), where behaviorism was taking place

Question 7

Gestalt Psychology

Answer 7

Means “whole”
Sensory experience can be broken down into individual parts
But the whole is what the individual experiences as perception
Ex. words - squiggly lines we can make sense of
Gestalt principles led way to behaviorism

Question 8

Experimental Branch

Answer 8

Von Helmholtz, Wundt, James, gestalt

Question 9

Clinical Branch

Answer 9

Freud

Question 10

Freud

Answer 10

The unconscious mind
Wants, desires, behavious (sexual/agressive nature)
Repressed childhood trauma
Dream analysis, free association, Freudian slips

Question 11

Freud problems

Answer 11

Cant prove his theory wrong
Unfalsifiable
Placed too much emphasis on sex

Question 12

Freud pros

Answer 12

Highlight childhood experiences, upbringing
Unconscious vs conscious
Motivations can cause psychological conflict

Question 13

Behaviorism

Answer 13

Things can be learned
Werent keen on emotion and motivation
Consciousness is flawed
Emotion too subjective, only behaviour is truly measurable
Complex computer
One foot in experimental one in clinical

Question 14

Classical conditioning (behaviourism)

Answer 14

Pavlov
Associate outside stimulus to known one
Bell = salivating, ring bell every time food is given

Question 15

Operant Conditioning (behaviourism)

Answer 15

B. F. Skinner
Behavior - reward
Behavior, positive outcome, repeated
Behaviors, negative outcome, stopped

Question 16

The Humanists

Answer 16

Potential for growth, to do good things
Inherently you are good
Personal control and intentionality

Question 17

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 17

Physiological - food/water…
Safety - shelter
belonging/love - friends family
Self esteem - recognition respect
Self Actualization - pursue inner talent, fulfillment, creativity

Question 18

Carl Rogers

Answer 18

Client centered therapy
You know yourself best
Help sort out thoughts, not correct/change
Emphasized unconditional positive regard
Therapist needs to be invested kind empathic genuine

Question 19

The cognitive revolution

Answer 19

Kind of against behaviorism
Placed emphasis on mental processes
Linguistics (language shaping thought)
Neuroscience (how the brain works)
More collaboration across fields (anthropologists)

Question 20

Feminist physcology

Answer 20

Karen Horney
Noami Weisstein (68)
Psychology of women developed out of the amle perspective
Seeks to rid psychology of all gender bias
Study gender differences
Re-evaluate contribution of women (ex. Anna Freud)

Question 21

Multicultural Psychology

Answer 21

Explanations for different events depend on cultural upbringing
Precedents of eating disorders differ by culture
Hallucinations influenced by culture
Cecil Summer
First african american to get a phd
Much early work done by black scholars was on intelligence
Particularly big impact in social psychology

Question 22

Biopsychology

Answer 22

Brain ns genetic glands
Brain and nervous system
Many sub disciplines(sleep, sensation, perception, disorders, developmental)
Focuses on immediate causes of behavior’

Question 23

Evolutionary Psychology

Answer 23

Not immediate effects, but long term effects
Ultimat biological causes of behavior
If a behavior is determined by genetics it will be shaped by surroundings
Ex. fear of snakes (preparedness theory)
Common behaviors across human cultures = common genetic cause (ex. Expression of emotions)

Question 24

Developmental psychology

Answer 24

Newer field, new things
Developmental trajectories
Cognitive social emotional physical, moral
Periods of neural blooding in childhood and puberty
Neural decline as we age, but it is used more efficiently

Question 25

Personality Psychology

Answer 25

Patterns and characteristic ways of thinking and behaving
Unique to a person
Early theories look at resolution of sexual desires (ie Freud)
Modern personality tests look at identifying traits (stable dispositional qualities)
Five factor model (OCEAN)
Myers-Briggs

Question 26

Social Psychology

Answer 26

How the perceived presence of other people influence us
The bystander effect
Your behavior now
Ex an answer you know is wrong but others said it

Question 27

Clinical psychology

Answer 27

Ability to identify and diagnose mental disorders
Applied discipline
Psychoanalysis//Humanistic//Cognitive Behavior Approach