History Flashcards
Developmental Psychology
How we develop over time, our life span (change/grow)
Physical
Cognitive
Social
Normative approach governs development
What is typical in dev for someone of a given age and domain
We all have the same brain, development should be consistent (at least physical and cognnitive)
Children learn to walk at 12 months, say mama or dada at 12 months
So if a child diverges from trajectory - time for intervention
Are dev trajectories universal
Ye sand no
Ache tribe, their children walk after 2 years of age
They live in the forest, more difficulty in walking surfaces
environmental factor
Later in life these kids become more physically advanced
Nature vs nurture
Nature
biology and genetics
Nurture
environmental
Psychosexual
Freud!
Freud Dev childhood
5 stages
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latent
Genital
How the desires are handled by parents leads to fixations
Psychosocial
Erik Erikson
Follower of freud
Didnt agree with overly sexual, sexual relation to partents…
Focused on social dev. - ego identity
8 stages of dev. Throughout whole life
Passing - satisfaction- not passing - feel lacking
Each stage tasks that we faced
Erikson psychosocial stages
Stage 1
0 - 1
Trust vs mistrust
Basic needs nourishment and affection will be met
Stage 2
1 - 3
Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt
Control in life - ability
Independence
Stage 3
3 - 6
Initiative vs. Guilt
Take initiative over activities
Guilt if overstep boundaries
Stage 4
7 - 11
Industry vs. inferiority
Self - confidence in abilities when competent, inferiority when thwarted
Stage 5
12 - 18
Identity vs. Role confusion
Ex young celebs
Stage 6
19 - 29
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Establish intimate relationships
Stage 7
30-64
Generativity vs. Stagnation
How do I contribute to the world
Give to community
Stage 8
65+
Integrity vs despair
Look back on life
Meaning in life
Cognitive Development
Piaget
One of most influential psychologists
Stage model of dev. (4 stages)
Not whole life
Each stage, children face dev. Task
Children don’t think like adults and that they made mistakes
Learning from these mistakes develop cognitive schemas (assimilation/accommodation)
Cognitive schemas:
mental models (categories) frameworks for organizing things based on shared characteristics.
When children learn they create expand and change these cognitive schemas
Assimilation:
new instance and apply to cognitive schema
Accomodation:
change schema with new information
Piaget Cog Dev Stages
Sensorimotor stage
0-2
Experience the world through our senses and movement
Dev. task - object permanence - stranger anxiety
Preoperational Stage
2-7
Symbolic thinking
Symbols represent words ideas
Pretend play
Don’t understand logic/manipulate information
Logic based on their experience of the world
Dev task
Conservation
egocentrism/theory of mind
What they know, everyone know
Concrete Operational Stage
7-11
Logically and mathematically
Understand conservation/reversibility
Dev. theory of mind
Formal Operational stage
12 onwards
Start thinking abstract/hypothetical
Piaget findings
Cross-cultural research confirms piaget progression
Today we believe cog dev. Is a
More continuous process
Often expressed earlier than he thiught
More surprising it is longer children will look at it
More familiar with stimulus, less time spent looking at it
Habituating to the stimulus
Kohlberg
Moral development
Was a follower of Piaget
3 levels, six stages
Moral compass answers - show us moral dev
Not intereste din final answer
Interested in HOW you get there, reasoning
Gave dilemmas from young kids to adults
Moral reasoning dev. In redicatble trajectories
Today we believe that cognitive dev is:
More continuous process
Expressed earlier than Piaget thought
More than formal logic
Post Formal thinking
Decisions made on circumstances
Logic integrated with emotion
Draw on past experiences to solve current problems
Use different strategies for different problems
Kohlberg Moral Dev Stages
LEVEL 1 - pre conventional
Stage 1
Obedience/Punishment
Driven by avoiding punishment/ being obedient
Ex. stealing is wrong, he will go to prison, which makes a bad person
Stage 2
Self-Interest
Interested in self interest and rewards
He will not like being in jail, he can get a new wife
LEVEL 2 - conventional
Stage 3
Interpersonal
Social approval
To be a good husband steal the drug, or he is a bad person for stealing the drug
Stage 4
Authority
Law-and-order
Stealing is illega;, actions have consequences
LEVEL 3 - post conventional
Stage 5
Social Contract
Balance of social order and individual rights
Scientist has right to fair compensation
Veryone had the right to life over law
Stage 6
Universal ethics
Internal moral principles
Human life more valuable than any cost
Others that can pay may need the drug and lives are equally significant.
Kolberg assumes
Once you reach level 1 morality you dont go back (not true)
Women dotn go past stage 4 (not true)
They just may think of diff aspects of a situation
Environmental influences
From conception, it effects fetal dev.
Food preferences begin in womb
Prefer mothers voice to strangers
Malnutrion - schizophrenia and antisocial personality disorder
NEGATIVE ingestion effecting fetal dev.
Teratogens
Flu. alcohol, cigarettes, thalidomide (used ot be used tohelp w/ morning sicknessbut lead to physical defects
Biological, Chemical, Physical (ie radiation)
MOST common
Alchohol
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Effects whatever is dev. In the pregnancy at that time
Behavioural problems
Cognitive deficits
Smoking
Stillbirth
Death before 1st day
Lower birthweight
Males associated with poorer sperm quality with more genetic mutations
Physcial dev. In infancy
All infants bor w/ reflexes - automatic reaction to certain stimuli
Rooting reflex and suckling reflex
Tickle cheek (Breast feeding)
Moro reflex
Throwinga rms up when feel like falling
Grasping reflex
Reflexes disappear round 4 or 5 months
We learn more complex behaviours
If we see them reappear w know theres a dev issue
Born w/ all neurons
Not densely connected to eachother
Learning makes these connections
Neural blooming
Growth in dendrites and actions
Neural pluming
Gets rid of the ones e dont need
2 years old brain is 55% of adult size
90% by six
Cerbellum dev. Quickly
Humans dotn imprint they attach
Long standing bond w others
Starts around 6 months old
John Bowlby
Attachment is evolutionary
Social Reflex
Laugh, cry, coo
Cues for attachment
Parents are a safe base
Children cana attach in diff ways
Depends on parent interaction
Strange situation paradigm
Secure(happy and begin to play), anxious (angry at environment but held), avoidant (silent but still held)fractions
Also disorganized (run away - often from abuse)
