Mental Disorders Flashcards

Question

Causes? (specific phobia)

Answer 1

Classical conditioning

Answer 2

Classical conditioning Vicarious learning - observational learning Prepared learning - More likely to develop phobias towards things that are not as dangerous to us - Fear stimuli that look a certian way

Answer 3

Depressive Disorders Unipolar depression Bipolar Disorders Bipolar depression/manic depression

Answer 4

At least 5 or more of these things for 2 or more weeks Depressed mood most of the time Dramatically reduced interest or enjoyment in most activities most of the time CORE^ Significant challenges regulating appetite and weight Significant challenges regulating sleep Physical agitation or lethargy Feeling listless with or with much lessenergy SOMATIC^ Feeling worthless or feeling unwarranted guilt Problems in thinking, concentrating, or decision making Thinking repetitively of detah and suicide COGNITIVE^

Answer 5

16.9% Highly recurrent High rate sof morbidity Females>Males Underdiagnosis in minority populations Heretability 45%

Answer 6

Synapses Neurotransmitetr Big role in mood disorders

Answer 7

Flow of information from one axon to the dendrite, with the synapse in the middle Inside our axons, are vesicles filled with neurotransmitters Action potential through the axon body and stimulates the vesicles, they move to the end of teh axon, then release neurotransmitters into the synapse, neurotransmitters travel across synapse and then bind to gates, receptors pick up neurotransmitters, critical mass(sodium ions) = sets off action potential, sodium ions flow into the dendrites, continuing the action potential into the dendrites Sodium comes from the extracellular fluid Leftover neurotransmitters? Some get sucked up - reuptake into the axon Some float away and are broken down Some stay

Answer 8

(more likely for a signal) Dopamine Norepinephrine Glutamate Substance P

Answer 9

(less liley for brain to be active) Serotonin GABA Endorphins

Answer 10

Not enough serotonin (in the synapse) Too few serotonin receptors Receptors not sensitive enough to the serotonin

Answer 11

Same genes that make up our eyes Different alleles that determine eye colour Important for ion gates Some peoples arevery effective and get all the serotonin back into the axon Some dont Different alleles for transpotreter gate 5 HTTLPR transporter gene Long / short We all have 2, will receive short or long from father and mother People who had short-short and maltreatmentin childhood have mor elikleyhood to develop depression The opposite for long long

Answer 12

Emotional responses Heightened amygdala responses(depression)

Answer 13

Downregulate amygdala Regulation of emtions Lower activityin prefronatl cortex (depression)

Answer 14

Diathesis Our thoughts, interpretations, self evaluations, expectations Predispose people to developing depressive disorder Cognitive biases Hopelessness theory Rumination

Answer 15

Manic Vs Depressive Episodes Minimum for diagnosis 1 manic episode

Answer 16

Extremley positive or irritable mood AND increased energy/goal-driected behaviour Lasting more than a week (less of hospitilization is required) Accompanied by 3 of the following Inflated self esteem or grindiosity Decreased need for sleep Extremely talkative Racing thoughts Distractibility Goal directed activity (socially, at work, sexually) or psychomotor agitation Excessive engagement in risky but pleasur seeking activities

Answer 17

Dont experience full blown mania Hypomania Rapid cycling - many many episodes in a year

Answer 18

1-2.4% Often combined with anxiety (70%) / substance abuse (50%) / Physical Health issues (64%) Men = women Misdiagnosis of minority populations Age of onset <25 High sucdie rates, attemp: 25-50% Complete: 8-19%

Answer 19

Strong heritability 70% Polygenetic Pleiotropic effects - same gene involved in multiple disorders Norepeinephrine - too much (dopamine and serotonin hypothesis)

Answer 20

At least 2 of the following (4?) for longer than 1 moth Delusion Hallucinations Disorganized speech Disorganized behaviour or catatonia (holds an uncomfortable position for prolonged period) - First 4^ = positive symptoms (add things) Negative symptoms (take away things) - Ahedonia (lose enjoyment of things you enjoy) - Flat Effect (lack of enjoyment, ie flat tone when given good news) - Social withdrawl (pulling away) More than 6 month prodromal (onset to full blown) or residual symptoms (tail end) AND Impaired function (work, school, elf-care, social) (cognitive symptoms)

Answer 21

False sensory perceptions that are experiences without an external source Visual / Auditory / Olfactory / Tactile\ Auditory most common (⅓) Neuroimaging studies Same area in brain as inner speech (broca’s area) Difficulty distinguishing which is inner voice Culture influences what we hallucinate about

Answer 22

False belief based on incorrect inferences about reality Types Persecturoy (gov agency out to get you) Referential (news is giving me a secret message) (mundane things having a special reference or meaning towards you) Grandiose (I am the best!) Identity (I am Jesus, etc. Someone that I am not) Guilt (MISSED THIS) Control (someone trying to take info to control you, microchip!) Though withdrawal Though insertion

Answer 23

Disorganized speech/thoughts Tangentiality/loose associations “ got mad as I was waiting in line at grocery store, i connot stand lines, i waited a long time to get my drivers lisence, driving these days in crazy” Clanging “I’m not trying to make noise Im trying to make sense, im not making cents anymore, i have to make dollars” One word sound slike another word, starting someone off in another direction Rare: word salad, neologisms Words taken and jumbles up Neologisms = make up words

Answer 24

1% Life expectancy 15-20 years less than general population High rates of physical comorbidities Lifestyle risks, eg, 70% smoke tobacco Substance abuse Men = Women Lower prevalence in developinh countries Prognosis is also better in developing countries

Answer 25

Neurobiological factors Heratabiltity 79%

Answer 26

Mutationson genees that deal with brain development and neurological function Dopamine Limbic system - hallucinations (TOO MUCH) Frontal lobe - negative symptoms (too little People with schizophrenia = 6x normal dopamine receptors Loss of control of information Hallucinations Smaller corpus callosum Connects brains hemispheres Enlaarged Ventricles Thalamus (disregulation Regulates sleep, consciousness and sensory information Speech area (broca’s area) Reduced gray matter in frontal lobes Illness of the whole brain

Answer 27

Risk factors Forst trimester is important Influenza Maternal Stress Environmental stressors Living in urban areas Stressful family relationships Substance Abuse Cannabis Using string cannabis on daily basis, increased chance of development, 5x more likely fro psychosis than rgeular use Self medication

Answer 28

Symptomd: episode of psychosis (.>1month) involving positive and negative symptoms, longer term (>6month) mild sumptom + functional impairment Biological factors: genetics, disregulated dopamine Environmenta factors: stressful environments, substance use Psuchological factors: cognitive biases

Answer 29

75% of people who need treatment don’t get it (50% children 40% candian) They dont think that they need it

Answer 30

Culture Belief Not serious Ineffective Stigma Finances Clinical availability Transportation The system

Answer 31

Psychotropic drugs Attempts to help with the “dysfunction” Typical, medications help regulate our neurotransmitters Treat the symptom, no the cause - they are not a cure Became popular in 1958 - antipsychotic drugs LECTURE - ion lightbulb comparison

Answer 32

Benzodiazepines Increase the amount of GABA around amygdala Less likely amygdala will fire Calming effect Pro - fast working, very effective Con - works too well, very addictive, tolerance and withdrawal Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI’s) Inhibit reuptake of serotonin Increase amount of serotonin in synapse Used for anxiety and depressiom

Answer 33

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor Stop the breakdown of serotonin (blocks enzymes from breaking serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) Con - manu side effects Tricyclics: stops reuptake if nerepinephrine / serotonin Cons: side effects SSRI’s Works specifically on serotonin Takes 2 weeks - month to start working Reduces sex drive, eight gain, nausea, nubess New SNRIs Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors

Answer 34

Mood stabilizers Lithium - replaces sodium slowing neuron travel speed Only works with ⅓ of patients Help regulate how the signals travel along neuron

Answer 35

Dopamine Several pathways for it to take Limbic system, prefrontal cortex, motor cortex Mesolymbic pathway Disregulayion common for hallucination Mesocortical

Answer 36

Antipsychotics - blocks dopamine, reduces positive sumptoms Mesolymbic system Tardive dyskinesia (flailing arm movements - no control) Less hallucinations more ^ Atyplica antipsyvhotics - focus on negative symptoms by regulatings erotonin and dopamine pathways Mesocortical pathway

Answer 37

A variety of techniques used to overcome personal problems and for personal growth Several psychotherapeutic orientation Psychoanalysis Vs behavioural therapy, cognitive therapy, humanistic therapy

Answer 38

PSYCHOANALYSIS HUMANISTIC BEHAVIOURAL COGNITIVE COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOURAL

Answer 39

Freudian Psychological dysfunction result of repression of childhood trauma Need to bring trauma to light Techniques: free Association and dream analysis Free association Resistance: ego’s hesitation to talk about certain topics Therapist listens to themes in patients free speech Dream Analysis Write down dreams and Freud would interpret them Psychoanalysis takes years 4 to 5 sessions per week 3 to 6 years Transference Strong positive or negative feelings are attached to the therapist

Answer 40

Current relationships Conscious process Opportunity for change Carl rogers = client centered therapy Non directive - you know you better than yourself, mirror, empathy, acceptance Nondirective therapy - therapist does not provide feedback or advice Person comes to their own realizations Active listening Aknowlegdes, restates, paraphrases, clarifies what the client is saying Listen wth empathy and with unconditional positive regard - client doe snot feel judged

Answer 41

Freud: unresolved conflicts Rogers: feelings

Answer 42

½ patients benefit ½ benefit from medication Therapy AND medication give you the highest sucess