Most common 3 Flashcards
LS
1
Q
MC site of intraosseous ganglion cysts
A
medial malleolus of the tibia
2
Q
The proximal radius and ulna most often dislocate where?
A
posteriorly
3
Q
Perilunate dislocations may be accompanied by fractures of the carpal bones, most commonly the?
A
scaphoid and/or capitate
4
Q
MC acetabular injury
A
both-column fractures
5
Q
A lucent lesion in the anterior calcaneus is most commonly a?
A
simple bone cyst
6
Q
MC Satler Harris type in trauma of the skeletally immature distal tibial epiphysis
A
Salter-Harris type II
7
Q
Least stable of all joints
A
shoulder
8
Q
Only true articulation between the shoulder girdle and the axial skeleton
A
sternoclavicular joint
9
Q
MC malignant soft tissue mass
A
rhabdomyosacroma
10
Q
MC arthropathies in childhood
A
juvenile RA, hemophilia, and pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS)
11
Q
After primary degenerative joint disease, the next most commonly encountered arthropathy in the forefoot
A
RA
12
Q
Chondroblastomas are eccentric intramedullary
l esions with lobulated margins and endosteal
sclerosis most commonly seen in the?
A
proximal
tibial metaphysis
13
Q
MC malignant osseous lesions in adults
A
mets
14
Q
MC fracture of C2
A
traumatic spondylolysis of C2 (hangman’s fracture)
15
Q
Hyperextension teardrop fracture, an avulsion fracture
of the anteroinferior margin of the vertebral body caused
by excessive stress on the ALL, occurs most
commonly at?
A
C2
16
Q
Next mc site of spine fracture after the cervical spine
A
thoracolumbar junction (T12 to L2)
17
Q
Most commonly involved in spinal mets
A
thoracic and lumbar regions
18
Q
MC primary tumors to produce spinal metastases
A
ca of the breast, lung, prostate, and kidney > lymphomas
19
Q
In the thoracic spine, what discs herniate most commonly?
A
T11 and T12 discs
20
Q
Synovial cysts as consequence of facet joint degenerations are usually seen in?
A
lower lumbar spine, most commonly at L4-L5
21
Q
MCC of acquired stenosis
A
degenerative change
22
Q
Most cases of edidural lipomatosis involve the?
A
thoracic spine
23
Q
Ossification of the LF is generally seen in the setting
of OPLL. It is found most commonly in?
A
cervical and thoracic regions
24
Q
MC signs of arachnoiditis by MRI
A
nerve root clumping and enhancement
25
Erosion of the dens by inflammatory pannus (synovial hypertrophy) is common in RA and is most frequently found in the?
retrodental space
26
Vertebral hemangiomas are most often located in the?
thoracic or lumbar regions
27
MC benign cause of vertebra plana
LCH
28
MC CT manifestation of myeloma
diffuse osteopenia
29
MCC of epidural hematoma
trauma
30
Epidural hematomas are generally located in the dorsolateral aspect of the spinal canal and most commonly involve the?
upper thoracic region
31
Beam hardening is most commonly seen in
body CT between the dense bones of the hips
32
Most dependent portion of the peritoneal cavity
pelvis
33
MC tumors to spread by diffuse metastatic seeding of the peritoneal cavity
ovarian ca in females and stomach, pancreas, and colon ca in both sexes (abdominopelvic)
34
Tumors most likely to extend into the IVC as tumor thrombus
renal, hepatic, and adrenal ca
35
MC ventral hernia
umbilical hernia
36
Most frequently injured intraabdominal organ
spleen
37
MC liver injury
lacerations
38
2nd most commonly injured abdominal organ
liver
39
Most specific CT sign of bowel injury
discontinuity of the bowel wall
40
MC causes of pancreatic injuries
penetrating trauma, knife and gunshot wounds
41
MCC of pancreatitis in children
blunt abdominal trauma, often assoc w/ child abuse
42
MC location of renal artery occlusions in renal trauma
proximal 2 cm of the renal artery
43
Most specific CT sign of portal hypertension
visualization of patent paraumbilical collateral veins
44
MCC of tumor extending into the portal vein
HCC
45
MC findings in the liver in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
telangiectasias
46
MC CT appearance of liver metastases
well-defined low-attenuation solid mass w/ vague peripheral enhancement producing a target appearance
47
MC hypervascular liver metastases
carcinoid, choriocarcinoma, melanoma, PNET, pheochromocystoma, RCC, and thyroid ca
48
MC primary hepatic malignancy
hepatoma / hepatocellular carcinoma
49
2nd MC focal mass lesion in the liver, exceeded in frequency only by mets / MC benign liver lesion
cavernous hemangioma
50
MC associated findings in pyogenic liver abscess
biliary obstruction and thrombophlebitis
51
MC etiologic agent of pyogenic liver abscess
E. coli
52
MC site of hydatid disease
liver
53
Gradual tapering of a dilated duct is seen most commonly with?
benign disease such as inflammatory stricture
54
Most commonly affected part of CBD in autoimmune pancreatitis-associated cholangitis
distal part
55
MCC of gas or contrast material in the biliary tree
iatrogenic
56
MC malignancy of the biliary system
gallbladder ca
57
MC anomaly of the pancreatic ductal system
pancreas divisum
58
Pancreatic calcifications occur most frequently in?
chronic pancreatitis because of alcoholism and hereditary pancreatitis
59
MC region of involvement of autoimmune pancreatitis
head or uncinate process
60
MC pancreatic involvement of lymphoma
direct extension from peripancreatic lymphadenopathy
61
MC lymphomas
non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma
62
MC primary tumors of metastases to the pancreas (unusual)
melanoma and ca of the kidney, lung, or breast
63
MC cystic lesion in and around the pancreas
pseudocyst
64
MC location of serous cystadenomas
head
65
MC location of mucinous cystic neoplasms
distal body and tail
66
MC location of branch-duct IPMNs
uncinate process
67
Most characteristic finding of splenic infarction
extension to the splenic capsule
68
MC malignant tumor of the spleen
lymphoma
69
MC sources of splenic metastases
melanoma and lung, breast, and ovarian ca
70
MC benign neoplasm of the spleen
hemangiomas
71
MC CT appearance of splenic angiosarcoma
multiple enhancing nodules w/ irregular and poorly defined contours
72
Involved lymph nodes in RCC are most common in
renal hilum, pericaval, and periaortic regions
73
Hematogenous mets in RCC are mc in?
lung, liver, and bone
74
MC sites of distant metastases from recurrent RCC
lungs, mediastinum, bone, liver, contralateral kidney or adrenal gland, and brain
75
MC late mets (>10 yrs after surgery) from RCC recurrence
lung, pancreas, bone, skeletal muscle, and bowel
76
Most commonly affected segment by ureteral uroepithelial tumors
distal ureter
77
MC lymphoma types to involve the kidney
B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma
78
MC CT appearance of lymphoma
multiple bilateral renal masses
79
MC primary tumors to metastasize to the kidneys
lung, breast, and GI adenocarcinomas
80
MC CT pattern of renal metastasis
multiple bilateral low-attenuation renal nodules
81
Isolated solitary mets is seen most commonly with?
colon cancer and melanoma
82
MC location of multilocular cystic nephroma / simply cystic nephroma
upper pole
83
MC extrapulmonary site of infection of TB
urinary tract
84
MC anomaly of the urinary tract
duplication of the ureters
85
Most phleboliths are found in what veins?
perivesical veins, periprostatic veins in men, and periuterine and perivaginal veins in women
86
MC location of extra-adrenal myelolipomas
presacral space and retroperitoneum
87
MC finding in adrenal involvement by lymphoma
total encasement of the adrenal gland by retroperitoneal adenopathy
88
Most adrenal calcifications in both children and adults are sequelae of?
adrenal hemorrhage
89
Most (90%) pheochromocytoma arise in the?
adrenal medulla
90
MC location of extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas (10%)
organ of Zuckerkandl near the origin of the IMA
91
MC primary tumors of metastases to the adrenal glands
lung, breast, and colon adenoca, and melanoma
92
Most adrenal masses larger than __ cm are malignant.
5 cm
93
MC benign tumor of the esophagus
leiomyoma
94
MCC of nonerosive gastritis
H. pylori infection
95
MC location of wall thickening in gastritis? - often focal
antrum
96
Best CT sign of gastritis
thickened gastric folds
97
Nodes most likely to be involved in gastric ca
nodes near the celiac axis and in the gastrohepatic ligaments
98
MC location of nodal recurrence in gastric ca
along the course of the hepatic artery or in the paraaortic
99
MC mesenchymal tumor
GIST
100
Most GISTs arise in the __________ throughout the GIT.
muscularis propria (60-70% stomach, 20-30% small bowel)
101
MC sites of mets from malignant GIST
liver and peritoneal cavity
102
MC location of gastric varices
fundal region
103
MC location of small bowel lymphomas
ileum
104
MC primary tumors of metastases to the small bowel
malignant melanoma and breast, lung, and RCC
105
Most commonly involved segments in transient intussusception (in small bowels)
jejunojejunal
106
MC malignancy seen in the mesentery
lymphoma
107
MC site of desmoid tumor (mesenteric fibromatosis)
mesentery of the small bowel
108
MCC of acute abdominal pain
acute appendicitis
109
MCC of mucocele
obstructing benign or malignant neoplasm of the appendix
110
MC location of lipomas
colon > small bowel > stomach > esophagus and pharynx
111
Epiploic appendagitis are most numerous in which colonic segment?
sigmoid
112
MCC of occult GI bleeding
angiodysplasia
113
MC sites of hematogenous metastases from bladder carcinoma
liver, lungs, bones, and adrenal glands
114
MC cystitis
acute bacterial cystitis (usually E. coli)
115
MC site of recurrence in cervical ca
top of the vaginal cuff
116
MCC of adnexal torsion
benign cystic teratomas, hydrosalpinx, or functional cyst
117
2nd mc malignancy in males
prostate ca
118
Cysts most commonly found in the prostate gland
cysts associated with BPH - usually located laterally
119
MC pattern of spread in testicular cancer
lymphatic spread
120
MC testicular malignancy in men older than 60 yrs
B-cell lymphoma
121
MC example of a fluid collection originating within the space around the great vessels that can communicate with the retroperitoneum
aortic hemorrhage
122
MC clinical example for pancreaticoduodenal effusions
pancreatitis
123
MC location of esophageal duplication cysts
distal esophagus
124
MC mesencymal tumor of the esophagus / benign tumor of the esophagus
leiomyoma
125
MC benign mucosal neoplasm of the esophagus
papillomas
126
MC location of squamous cell carcinoma in the esophagus
proximal and mid
127
MC location of esophageal adenocarcinoma
distal (because assoc w/ chronic GERD)
128
MC distant metastatic sites of esophageal adenocarcinoma
lung and liver
129
MC metastatic cancer to the esophagus
gastric adenoca
130
Tracheoesophageal fistula is most commonly a complication of?
malignancy
131
MCC of esophageal perforation
upper endoscopy (iatrogenic)
132
MCC of gastric perforation
ulcer disease
133
MC site of traumatic esophageal tears
cervical and upper thoracic esophagus
134
Uphill varices are most commonly seen in the setting of?
cirrhosis and portal hypertension
135
Esophagectomy is most commonly performed for?
primary esophageal ca
136
Reconstruction in esophagectomy is most commonly via a?
gastric pullup
137
MC location for GIST
stomach
138
Majority of benign gastric tumors
hyperplastic polyps
139
MC malignancy in the stomach
adenocarcinoma
140
MC site for lymphoma in the GIT
stomach (still a rare disease)
141
MC site of involvement for primary GI lymphoma
stomach
142
MC gastric infection
H. pylori
143
MC etiology of infection with a gas-performing organism that may cause gastric pneumatosis
E. coli
144
MC causes of emphysematous gastritis
caustic ingestion and alcohol abuse
145
Most commonly performed weight loss surgery because of the increased weight loss when compared to other procedures
gastric bypass with Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy
146
Internal hernias w/ increased incidence in laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass are most commonly through the?
transverse mesocolon
147
MC location of duodenal diverticula (most are acquired)
2nd and 3rd portions
148
MC congenital abnormality in the GIT / MC congenital anomaly of the GIT
Meckel diverticulum
149
MC congenital anomaly of the GIT
Meckel diverticulum
150
MC presentation of Meckel diverticulum in the adult
obstruction
151
Small bowel diverticula are more common in the?
jejunum
152
MC benign tumor of the small bowel
GIST
153
MC site of malignant GISTs in the small bowel
distal small bowel
154
MC primary tumor in the small bowel / 2nd MC small-bowel malignancy
carcinoid / carcinoid (neuroendocrine) tumor
155
MC primary tumor of the duodenum
adenocarcinoma (rare in the remainder of small bowel)
156
Up to 70% of small bowel adenoca occur in the?
duodenum or jejunum
157
MC location of adenocarcinoma of the small bowel (rare)
duodenum, especially near the ampulla
158
MC appearance of hematogenous metastases in the small bowel (often from lung ca and melanoma)
round masses along the antimesenteric border of the small bowel
159
Peritoneal carcinomatosis is most commonly seen in?
ovarian, colon, gastric, and breast
160
Account for almost 75% of SBO
adhesions > hernias and tumor
161
2nd MCC of small-bowel obstruction, next to adhesions
hernias
162
MC lesions producing obstruction
adhesions, hernias, and intussusception
163
Strangulation is most commonly seen in the setting of?
closed-loop obstruction
164
MCC of closed-loop obstructions
internal hernias or an adhesive band
165
Mural edema (in vasculitis) can occur throughtout the GIT, most commonly in the?
small bowel
166
MC inflammatory condition of the small bowel
Crohn disease
167
MCC of intramural hematoma of the small bowel (?)
overanticoagulation
168
Most commonly affected site in GIT in patients with amyloidosis
small bowel
169
MC rotational abnormality
nonrotation of the bowel
170
MC benign tumor of the colon and rectum
adenoma
171
2nd MC benign tumor in the colon
lipoma
172
Segment involved in the majority of cavernous hemangioma of the colon
rectum
173
3rd MC cancer / 2nd MCC of cancer death in developed countries
colorectal ca
174
MC primary in metastatic disease involving the colon
ovarian (peritoneal seeding) (*hematogenous - lung and breast)
175
MC appendiceal tumor / MC neoplasm of the appendix
carcinoid / carcinoid tumor
176
MC location of carcinoid (neuroendocrine) tumors
appendix (50%) > mesenteric small bowel (20%)
177
MC location of carcinoid tumor of the appendix
distal third (most cause no symptoms)
178
MC site of diverticulitis
sigmoid colon
179
Most commonly involved site in Crohn colitis
right colon and rectum
180
Most widely accepted terminology in perianal fistulas
Parks classification
181
MCC of ischemic colitis
small vessel disease
182
Ischemic colitis occurs most commonly in the setting of?
low cardiac output in a patient with extensive but nonocclusive vascular disease
183
MC locations affected in ischemic colitis / Most commonly affected segments in ischemic colitis
splenic flexure (watershed between SMA and IMA) and rectosigmoid colon (watershed between IMA and inferior hypogastric arteries) / watershed areas at the splenic flexure and rectosigmoid
184
MCC of pseudomembranous colitis
Clostridium difficile (in the setting of antibiotic therapy)
185
Toxic megacolon most commonly occurs in the setting of?
ulcerative colitis
186
Findings of radiation colitis are most commonly seen in the?
pelvis (cervical or prostate ca)
187
Cecum in cecal volvulus lies most often in what quadrant?
LUQ
188
2 MC variations in the hepatic arterial anatomy
origin of the left hepatic artery from the left gastric artery and origin of all or some right hepatic artery branches from the SMA
189
MC site of incomplete accessory hepatic fissures formed by invaginations of the diaphragm
right lobe superiorly
190
MC anomaly of the liver
Riedel's lobe
191
Most important patient-related factor affecting the magnitude of hepatic ontrast enhancement
body weight
192
2nd MC benign hepatic tumor / Tumor most resembling fibrolamellar HCC
FNH
193
Most specific finding of focal nodular hyperplasia
normal or increased radionuclide uptake within the tumor on technetium-99m sulfur colloid-labeled liver scan
194
Most characteristic feature of an adrenal rest tumor
presence of fat
195
5th MC cancer worldwide / Accounts for 90% of primary malignant hepatic neoplasms
HCC (10% - intrahepatic cholangio)
196
MC pattern of HCC on gross pathology
nodular > massive > diffuse/diffusely infiltrating (least common)
197
Most sensitive pre-operative imaging test for detecting small HCCs / Most sensitive imaging method for pre-op staging of hepatic metastases
computed tomography arterial portography (CTAP)
198
MC enhancement pattern of hepatic metastases in arterial phase imaging
continuous ring-like enhancement at the periphery of the lesion
199
Calcification occurs most commonly in hepatic metastases from what primary?
mucinous colon carcinoma
200
MC complications after tumor ablation
pneumothorax, pleural effusion, hepatic abscess, intrahepatic or peritoneal hemorrhage, and bile duct injuries resulting in stricture, fistula, or intrahepatic biloma (less common: segmental hepatic infarction)
201
MC extraintestinal complication of amebiasis
hepatic abscess
202
MC causative organism in fungal microabscesses of the liver / MC causative organism of fungal infection in the liver
Candida albicans
203
MCC of microabscesses in the spleen
fungal infection (Candida, Pneumocystis jiroveci, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, Histoplasma)
204
MC site of involvement of hydatid disease
liver
205
MC causes of cirrhosis
hepatitis C and B infection and excessive alcohol consumption
206
MC physical finding in hemochromatosis / MC hepatic finding in patients with Gaucher disease / MC clinical manifestation of hepatic sarcoidosis / MC CT finding in hepatic sarcoidosis
hepatomegaly
207
Secondary hemochromatosis is seen most commonly in?
patients with disorders of ineffective erythropoiesis such as thalassemia
208
MCC of hepatitis
viral infection
209
Sarcoidosis most commonly involves the?
pulmonary parenchyma and the mediastinal and hilar LNs
210
MC abdominal CT findings in patients with hepatosplenic sarcoidosis
homogeneous hepatic and splenic enlargement
211
Most frequently involved nodes in abdominal lymphadenopathy seen in sarcoidosis
porta hepatis, celiac axis, and paraaortic/paracaval nodes
212
MCC of THAD
intrahepatic portal vein thrombosis
213
MC causes of liver infarction
liver transplantation and laparoscopic cholecystectomy
214
MC and most severe vascular complication after orthotopic liver transplantation
hepatic artery thrombosis
215
MC complication after liver transplantation
bile leak (usually at T-tube site)
216
MC sites of recurrence in patients who underwent liver transplantation for HCC or liver mets
lungs and liver allograft
217
MC pattern of biliary tract anatomy
right anterior + right posterior = right hepatic
218
2nd MC pattern of anatomy variation of the biliary tract
right posterior segmental duct empties directly into either CHD or left hepatic duct (3rd MC - almost as common as 2nd MC: right anterior and posterior ducts join the left hepatic duct at a single point)
219
MC gallbladder anomaly
Phrygian cap
220
Earliest anatomic change in the biliary tract in response to obstruction
increase in diameter of CBD
221
Most commonly involved by pulsatility artifact from the hepatic artery which may simulate stricture
CHD and left hepatic duct
222
Approx 70-80% of gallbladder stones are of what variety?
cholesterol (remainder: pigment, mixed, and calcium calcium - least common)
223
Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis is most common in?
older women
224
MC variant of adenomyomatosis
fundal
225
Pathologically, most gallbladder malignancies are?
adenocarcinoma
226
MC primary that metastasizes to the gallbladder
melanoma
227
Majority of gallbladder carcinomas are?
infiltrating (remaining: polypoid)
228
Most common site of gallbladder carcinomas
fundus
229
Least common form of gallbladder ca
intraluminal mass
230
MC CT appearance of choledocholithiasis
high-density calcification within the duct
231
MC causative organism in AIDS cholangiopathy
cryptosporidium
232
MC reason for diasgreement between MRCP and ERCP
stricture suspected on MRCP that is not identified on ERCP
233
MCC of human helminthic infestation
Ascaris lumbricoides
234
MC primary bile duct tumor
cholangiocarcinoma (vast majority are adenocarcinomas)
235
Strongest association as predisposing factor for cholangiocarcinoma
primary sclerosing cholangitis
236
MC type of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
perihilar cholangiocarcinoma / Klatskin tumor
237
MC pattern encountered in peripheral cholangiocarcinomas
exophytic form
238
MC benign tumors of the bile ducts
biliary adenomas or papillomas (uncommon)
239
MC findings in postoperative biliary complications
biliary leak, retained biliary stones, and anastomotic stricture
240
MC site of delayed bile leaks in liver transplantation
anastomotic site
241
MC immediate complication in the recipient after liver transplantation
biliary leak
242
MC complication when a biliary-enteric anastomosis is performed during living donor liver transplantation
biliary stenosis at the anastomosis
243
MC complication of radiofrequency ablation
biliary stricture
244
MCC of hematobilia
liver biopsy or percutaneous biliary drain placement
245
MC clinical presentation of wandering spleen
mass with intermittent abdominal pain
246
MC cardiac anomalies associated with polysplenia
ASD, VSD, malposition or transposition of the great vessels, and PS or atresia
247
MCC of splenic cysts (2/3)
echinococcal infection
248
MC splenic cyst
posttraumatic
249
MC types of benign splenic tumors (uncommon)
hemangiomas and lymphangiomas
250
MC benign splenic tumor
hemangioma
251
Other structure most commonly involved with echinococcal involvement of the spleen
liver
252
MC type of lymphangiomas in the spleen
cystic type
253
MC locations of lymphangiomas
neck and axilla
254
MC type of lymphangioma in the spleen
cystic (other types: capillary, cavernous)
255
MC presenting symptom in primary splenic lymphoma
left upper quadrant pain/discomfort
256
MC splenic malignancy
lymphoma (secondary splenic involvement in both Hodgkin and NHL)
257
MC pattern of spread of splenic mets
hematogenous (direct invasion is unusual but can occur)
258
MC primary sites of splenic metastases
breast and lung
259
Primary ca w/c has the highest frequency of splenic involvement on a per primary basis
melanoma
260
MC appearance of splenic metastases
multiple nodules
261
MC organisms in splenic abscess
Staph and Strep
262
MC associated infection in splenic abscess
endocarditis
263
MCC of microabscesses in the spleen
fungal infection (Candida, Pneumocystis jiroveci, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, Histoplasma)
264
Gamna-Gandy bodies are most commonly associated with?
portal hypertension
265
MC lysosomal storage disease
Gaucher disease
266
Accumulation of Gaucher cells (lipid-laden macrophages) occurs most commonly in the?
liver, spleen, BM, and to a lesser degree lung
267
MC abdominal visceral artery aneurysm
splenic artery aneurysm
268
MC site of splenic artery aneurysm
mid to distal third of splenic artery
269
MC entities associated with a symptomatic patient with multiple splenic nodules
lymphoma, granulomatous infection, and sarcoid
270
MC entities associated with an asymptomatic patient with multiple splenic nodules
sarcoid, benign angiomatous tumor, and metastatic disease
271
Most reliable indicator of pancreatic mass w/ respect to size and shape
abrupt focal change (rather than generalized variations from the range of normal dimensions)
272
MC anatomic variant of the human pancreas
pancreas divisum
273
Most of the islet cells are located in the __ of the pancreas.
tail
274
9th mc malignancy but represents the 4th mcc of cancer-related death
cancer of the pancreas
275
Tumor most likely to be spread beyond the organ of origin at diagnosis
adenocarcinoma of the pancreas
276
MC sites of metastases from pancreatic adenoca
liver > regional LNs > other retroperitoneal and intraperitoneal structures > lungs
277
MC cystic lesion of the pancreas
pseudocyst
278
MC of the pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors
insulinomas and gastrinomas
279
MC functioning neuroendocrine tumor
insulinoma (2nd MC: gastrinoma)
280
MC location of gastrinomas
general vicinity of the head of pancreas including the pancreatic head itself, wall of duodenum and stomach, and LNs in an area termed the gastrinoma triangle
281
Perhaps the most difficult neuroendocrine tumor to image
insulinoma (due to notoriously small size)
282
MC primary of pancreatic mets
melanoma and ca of the breast, lung, kidney, prostate, and GIT
283
MC presentation of pancreatic metastasis
single, localized mass
284
Acute pancreatitis is most commonly associated with?
choledocholithiasis and ethanol abuse
285
MCC of acute pancreatitis
passage of gallstone or alcohol abuse
286
MCC of acute pancreatitis
gallstone passage/impaction
287
Most important indicator of disease severity in acute pancreatitis
extent of pancreatic necrosis
288
Smooth or beaded dilatation of the main pancreatic duct is most commonly associated with?
carcinoma (irregular dilatation - chronic pancreatitis)
289
Pancreatico-pleural fistulas are most often associated with?
chronic alcoholic pancreatitis
290
2nd mcc exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in children (MC: CF)
Schwachman-Diamond syndrome
291
MCC of duodenal perforation during ERCP
endoscopic sphincterotomy
292
MCC of pancreatic graft loss in the immediate perioperative period
vascular thrombosis
293
MC finding in posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder
diffuse enlargement of the allograft
294
MC type of external abdominal hernia / More common inguinal hernia
indirect inguinal hernia (lateral to inferior epigastric vessels)
295
MC location of abdominal wall hematomas
sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle (MCC: anticoagulant therapy)
296
MCC of inflammation in the abdominal wall
infection (MC: post-operative wound infection)
297
MC location of desmoid tumors
musculoaponeurotic fascia of the anterior abdominal wall, usually in the rectus abdominis and internal oblique muscles and their fascial coverings
298
MC primary malignant neoplasms of the abdominal wall
sarcomas
299
Most dependent part of the subhepatic space
hepatorenal fossa / Morison's pouch
300
MC site of blood accumulation on CT after upper abdominal trauma
Morison's pouch
301
Most dependent peritoneal recess in the upper abdomen / MC site of blood collection seen on CT in upper abdominal trauma
Morison's pouch / hepatorenal fossa / posterior subhepatic space
302
MC lesser sac collection
ascites
303
Most dependent portion of the peritoneal cavity in both the erect and supine position
pelvis - consists of lateral paravesical spaces and the midline pouch of Douglas (rectovaginal space in women, rectovesical space in men)
304
MC sites of pooling of infected peritoneal fluid and thus for abscess formation
pelvis, right subhepatic space, and right subphrenic space
305
MC sites for pooling of malignant ascites and subsequent fixation and growth of peritoneal metastases
pouch of Douglas, lower small bowel mesentery near the ileocecal junction, sigmoid mesocolon, and right paracolic gutter
306
MC primary neoplasms that spread by intraperitoneal seeding
adenoca of the ovary, colon, stomach, and pancreas
307
MCC of intaabdominal abscess
surgery (particularly that involving the stomach, biliary tract, and colon) - dati, perforated ulcer, appendicits, and biliary tract disease
308
Most accurate single imaging test for diagnosing intra-abdominal abscess
CT
309
MC procedures to cause lymphoceles
renal transplantation and retroperitoneal LN dissection
310
MCC of diffuse mesenteric edema
hypoalbuminemia
311
MCC of bowel loop separation in Crohn disease
fibrofatty mesenteric proliferation
312
MC CT finding in patients w/ diverticulitis
inflammation of the pericolonic fat
313
MC CT feature of tuberculous peritonitis
lymphadenopathy, predominantly in the mesenteric and peripancreatic areas
314
MC common site of origin of mesenteric cysts/lymphangiomas
small bowel mesentery
315
Most commonly recognized radiographic manifestation of Whipple disease
thickening of the valvulae conniventes of the small bowel
316
MC site of metastases from desmoplastic round cell tumor of the abdomen
liver
317
MC malignant neoplasms involving the peritoneum
metastatic ca and lymphoma
318
MCC of extensive neoplastic infiltration of the omentum
metastatic ovarian ca
319
Calcified peritoneal carcinomatosis is most commonly assoc w/?
serous adenocarcinoma of the ovary, colon, or stomach
320
MCC of calcified omental or peritoneal mets from ovarian ca
serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma (histo: psammomatous calcifications)
321
Rounded masses (one of the 4 general CT patterns of mesenteric involvement by intraperitoneally disseminated tumor) are seen most commonly with?
NHL
322
Irregular ill-defined and cake-like massea are seen most often with?
ovarian ca
323
MC neoplasms to spread as tumor emboli via the mesenteric arteries to the antimesenteric border of bowel where the cells implant and subsequently grow into intramural tumor nodules
melanoma and ca of the breast or lung
324
MC site of PAUs
descending thoracic aorta
325
Strongest risk factor in the development of AAA
smoking history
326
MCC of occlusion and stenosis of the aorta or its primary branches
atherosclerotic change
327
(In the USA) MCC of AAAs
atherosclerosis
328
MC agent to cause mycotic aneurysms
bacteria, MC: Staph aureus
329
MC causative organism in infected aneurysms
Salmonella
330
MC site of atherosclerotic aneurysms / Location of vast majority of AAA
infrarenal aorta
331
MC location of ruptured AAA
posterolateral
332
In over half of cases, what is the involved bowel segment in (primary?) aortoenteric fistula
distal duodenum
333
MC symptom of aortoenteric fistula
massive GI hemorrhage
334
MCC of aortocaval fistulae
rupture of AAA into the adjacent IVC
335
In the vast majority of cases, dissection begins where? / Most dissections begin in what segment of the aorta?
thoracic aorta
336
Most serious complication of abdominal aortic graft surgery
graft infection
337
Pseudothrombus artifact (flow) is most noticeable in the?
suprarenal cava
338
MC location of IVC tumors
middle or lower section of the IVC below the hepatic veins
339
MC growth pattern of IVC tumors
extraluminal
340
MC solid tumor in men 15-34 yo
testicular neoplasms
341
MC carcinomas assoc w/ retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy
testicular, prostatic, cervical, endometrial, and renal
342
Most commonly involved area in retroperitoneal fibrosis
between the renal hila and the pelvic brim
343
MC retroperitoneal ST tumors
lipoma and liposarcoma
344
MC type of lipogenic (?) retroperitoneal tumors
myxoid tumors
345
2nd MC type of retroperitoneal sarcoma
leiomyosarcoma (3rd MC: malignant fibrous histiocytoma)
346
MC site of extragonadal GCTs
mediastinum (2nd MC: retroperitoneum)
347
MC variant in renal venous drainage / MC variant of anomalous renal vein
circumaortic left renal vein - 2 tributaries of left renal vein encircle the aorta
348
2nd MC variant in renal venous drainage / 2nd MC variant of anomalous renal vein
retroaortic left renal vein
349
MC renal ectopia w/o fusion
pelvic kidney
350
MC renal fusion anomaly
horseshoe kidney
351
Most urinary calculi are? / MC urinary stones
calcium stones / calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate stones
352
MC neoplasm which may occur in the horseshoe kidney
RCC
353
More common laterality in crossed fused ectopia
right
354
More common laterality in thoracic kidneys
left
355
Slightly more common laterality in renal agenesis
left
356
Slightly more common laterality in emphysematous pyelonephritis
left
357
Slightly more common laterality in renal vein thrombosis
left - longer course of the left renal vein
358
Characteristics of stone which are most reliable predictors of outcome
size and position
359
MC site of milk of calcium? / MC cystic structure where milk of calcium is seen
calyceal diverticulum
360
MC calcified renal mass / MC calcified enhancing mass
RCC
361
Most commonly seen calcified old hematoma
lenticular subcapsular calcified lesion
362
MC renal mass in the adult / Most small renal masses are
cyst / simple cysts
363
Least common renal manifestation of TS
lymphangioleiomyomatosis (fluid-attenuating perinephric masses)
364
MC benign tumor of the kidney
angiomyolipoma
365
MC complication of angiomyolipoma
hemorrhage
366
Presentation of the mc phenotype of vHL disease / MC renal lesions in vHL
retinal and CNS hemangioblastomas, renal cysts and cancers, and pancreatic cysts but not with pheochromocytoma
367
Most sensitive technique for characterizing renal enhancement
CT (MRI - more sensitive for IVC thrombosis/IVC wall invasion)
368
MC RCC type in acquired cystic disease
papillary RCC
369
2nd MC renal neoplasm in adults
TCC
370
2nd MC etiology of urothelial tumors
squamous cell ca (assoc w/ inflamm, nephrolithiasis, and leukoplakia)
371
Initial detection of a urothelial lesion in a symptomatic patient has been most often made by
IV urography
372
MC appearance of TCC on CT
small, hypodense lesion in the renal collecting system
373
MC type of presentation of renal lymphoma
multiple focal renal lesions
374
MC CT appearance of renal lymphoma in childhood
multiple bilateral nodules
375
MC primary sites for renal mets excluding lymphoma and leukemia
lung, colon, and breast ca; melanoma; and reproductive organ malignancies such as testicular or ovarian ca
376
MC appearance of renal metastatic disease
multifocal small renal masses
377
Hemorrhagic renal mets are most closely associated with?
melanoma (other causes: pheochromo and leimyosarcoma)
378
MC type of renal sarcoma
leiomyosarcoma
379
Mets from Wilms tumor most commonly involve the?
lungs
380
Malignant tumors of childhood that most frequently metastasize to the liver
Wilms tumor, neuroblastoma, and lymphoma
381
MC syndrome associated with angiomyolipomas
tuberous sclerosis
382
Most severe form of emphysematous pyelonephritis
parenchymal gas in a nonfunctioning kidney w/ no associated fluid (least severe: gas in the collecting system w/ no fluid)
383
MCC of renal abscess
breakdown and coalescence of microabscesses due to acute pyelonephritis that is inadequately treated
384
MC combination of renal TB findings on CT
hydronephrosis or hydrocalicoses with parenchymal scarring
385
MC etiologic agent in malacoplakia
E. coli
386
Most commonly injured urinary tract organ
kidney (MCC: MVA)
387
MC grade in renal trauma
Grade 1
388
MCC of renal artery aneurysms
medial fibroplasia / fibromuscular dysplasia (or atherosclerosis - 2nd MC?)
389
MC locations of renal artery aneurysms
1st or 2nd branching of the main renal artery / branch points (MC type: saccular)
390
MCC of arteriovenous communications in kidneys
iatrogenic (or penetrating trauma in the form of AVF)
391
Renal vein thrombosis most commonly occurs in patients with?
nephrotic syndrome (esp that caused by membranous glomerulonephritis) and lupus
392
MC complication after biopsy
localized hemorrhage in the retroperitoneal space
393
Most severe of complications in the adjacent organs for CT-guided renal biopsy
perforation of the colon
394
Most severe of all complications in renal transplants
renal artery thrombosis (extremely rare) - best imaged by ultrasosund in the emergent setting
395
MC complications of ablation procedures
hematoma, pain, and paresthesia at the skin where the needle is placed
396
MC appearance of adrenal hyperplasia
both adrenals are smoothly thickened
397
MC endocrine disorder produced by adrenal carcinomas
Cushing syndrome
398
MC appearance of adrenal carcinomas
large, irregularly shaped, heterogeneous masses in the adrenal region
399
Most of the homogeneous adrenal masses w/ a nonenhanced CT attenuation value of 10 HU or less will be?
adenomas / lipid-rich adrenal adenoma (small fraction will be cysts)
400
MC sources of adrenal metastases
lung and breast ca
401
Most cost-effective method for screening and following patients with adrenal malignancies
CT
402
MC type of adrenal cysts (rare)
endothelial cyst
403
MC type of adrenal cysts that are detected by CT
pseudocyst - lack an endothelial lining; most often a sequela of remote adrenal hemorrhage
404
MC chronic granulomatous diseases causing adrenal inflammation
TB and histoplasmosis
405
MC appearance of granulomatous disease of the adrenals
bilateral enlargement of the adrenals
406
MC presentation of active adrenal histoplasmosis
mild to marked symmetrical enlargement of both adrenals, w/c retain the noraml shape
407
MC adrenal hemorrhage
neonatal hemorrhage - large fetal adrenal is prone to injury during birth trauma
408
Lateral most soft tissue structures within the pelvis
psoas and iliacus muscles
409
2 most important pulse sequences in the evaluation of benign gynecologic disease
sagittal and axial T2 that encompass the uterus and ovaries
410
MC mullerian anomalies
those due to in utero exposure to DES
411
2nd mc uterine anomaly
septate uterus
412
MC group of fibroids using T2-weighted MRI and depending on their degree of cellularity
ordinary fibroids - relatively homogeneous low T2 (composed of collagenous material)
413
Laterality of most asymptomatic dermoids smaller than 4 cm
left
414
MC of the gynecologic malignancies / Gynecologic malignancy with the best prognosis
endometrial ca
415
MC invasive gynecologic malignancy
carcinoma of the endometrium (90% are endometrioid adenocarcinomas)
416
Preferred exam for staging of ovarian ca
CT
417
MCC of fetal death
maternal death (2nd MC: placental abruption)
418
MC indication of fetal MRI
myelomeningocele
419
Most significant prostate cancers occur along the?
posterior portion of the gland at the 5 and 7 o'clock positions
420
Majority of testicular tumors
mixed cell type with seminoma predominant
421
Large lymphoceles most commonly occur following?
cystectomy or prostatectomy
422
Accounts for the majority of injuries
blunt trauma aka wide impact trauma
423
MCC of blunt trauma
MVAs
424
Most commonly involved in multisystem trauma
extremities > head > chest > abdomen > pelvis
425
Most useful finding in esophageal perforation
extraesophageal air
426
Most frequently affected organ in blunt abdominal trauma
spleen
427
2nd most frequently injured organ in blunt abdominal trauma / MC abdominal injury leading to death
liver
428
MC location of splenic clefts - can mimic laceration
superomedial aspect of the spleen
429
Most devastation of the infections after splenectomy
overwhelming postsplenectomy sepsis
430
Most frequently involved site of traumatic liver injury
right lobe, particularly the posterior segment - readily accessible to blunt impact from the ribs and spine
431
MC liver injury
lacerations
432
MC location of subcapsular hematomas
parietal surface of the liver, particularly along the anterolateral aspect of the right lobe
433
Gallbladder injury is usually assoc w/ injuries to other organs, most commonly the?
liver, spleen, and duodenum
434
MC CT finding in traumatic injury to the GB
pericholecystic fluid
435
MC location of pancreatic fractures
pancreatic neck or body where the pancreas overlies the spine
436
Most commonly involved in bowel injuries
duodenum, usually the 2nd or 3rd portions
437
Bowel segments most commonly injured
proximal part of jejunum near the ligament of Treitz, and distal part of ileum near the ileocecal valve
438
MC site of pneumoperitoneum
subdiaphragmatic area, along the anterior peritoneal surfaces of the liver and spleen
439
Most informative radiologic study in renal trauma
CT
440
MCC of ureteral injury
iatrogenic trauma secondary to surgical procedures
441
Most reported cases of ureteral trauma are?
hyperextension injuries sustained by children in motor vehicle collisions
442
MC primary malignant renal tumor of childhood
Wilms tumor
443
MC malignant abdominal tumor in children
neuroblastoma
444
MCC of an adrenal mass in the neonate
hemorrhage - due to birth trauma, septicemia, or hypoxia
445
MC adrenal tumor other than neuroblastoma
carcinoma (followed by adenoma) - rare in childhood
446
MC malignant tumor of the retroperitoneum
rhabdomyosarcoma
447
MC solid abdominal mass in children, following Wilms tumor and neuroblastoma
primary hepatic tumor (2/3 are malignant, with hepatoblastoma (<3yo) and HCC (older children) accounting for the majority)
448
3rd mc primary malignant hepatic tumor in children after hepatoblastoma and HCC
undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma / mesenchymal sarcoma / embryonal sarcoma / malignant mesenchymoma
449
Malignant tumors of childhood that most frequently metastasize to the liver
Wilms tumor, neuroblastoma, and lymphoma
450
Majority of the benign hepatic tumors in children
vascular, usually hemangioendothelioma
451
After the vascular lesions, the next mc benign hepatic tumor of childhood
mesenchymal hamartoma
452
MC mass arising in the biliary ductal tree
choledochal cyst
453
MC malignant neoplasm of the biliary tract in children
rhabdomyosarcoma of the biliary tract ( rare)
454
MC site of origin of biliary tract rhabdomyosacromas
porta hepatis
455
MC exocrine pancreatic neooplasm in young children
pancreaticoblastoma
456
MC exocrine tumor in adolescents
solid and papillary epithelial neoplasm of the pancreas
457
MC splenic neoplasm in children
lymphoma
458
MC GI/mesentric masses
lymphangiomatous malformations aka mesenteric cysts, and enteric duplications
459
MC malignant neoplasm of the bowel and mesentery
lymphoma
460
Intra-abdominal lymphoma most often affects the?
retroperitoneal and mesenteric LNs, bowel, and mesentery
461
MC causes of abdominal abscesses in children
appendicits, Crohn disease, and/or postop complications
462
Most commonly injured abdominal organ
liver > spleen, kidney, adrenal gland, and pancreas
463
MCC of acute pancreatitis in childhood
blunt abdominal trauma
464
MC inflammatory condition affecting the small bowel in children
Crohn disease
465
Aneurysms occur most frequently in association with?
Marfan syndrome, collagen vascular diseases, sepsis, or trauma
466
MC ovarian masses in infant and adolescent girls
nonneoplastic functional cysts (resulting from exaggerated development of follicular or corpus luteum cysts)
467
MC pediatric ovarian neoplams
mature teratomas or dermoid cysts
468
MC malignant ovarian neoplasms
GCTs (dysgerminoma, immature teratoma, endodermal sinus tumor, embryonal ca, and choriocarcinoma)
469
MCC of vaginal or uterine enlargement
hydrocolpos or hydrometrocolpos
470
MC malignant uterine and vaginal tumor in childhood
rhabdomyosarcoma
471
Accounts for most neoplasms of bladder and prostate in children
rhabdomyosarcoma
472
MC presacral masses
sacrococcygeal teratoma, neuroblastoma, anterior meningocele, and lymphoma
473
MC location of anterior meningoceles
sacral region and lumbosacral junction
474
MC malignant lesion in the nasopharynx
nasopharyngeal ca
475
2 most important interactions of the deep spaces and the skull base
parotid space - stylomastoid foramen - CN VII; masticator space - foramen ovale - CN V3
476
MC lesion primary to the pharyngeal mucosal space
squamous cell carcinoma
477
2nd MC malignancy of the PMS
non-Hodgkin lymphoma
478
MC lesions of the masticator space
odontogenic abscess and sarcomatous tumors
479
MC lesion seen in the MS
odontogenic abscess
480
MCC of MS abscess
seeding from infected teeth or following dental manipulation
481
MC salivary gland tumor (Som)
adenoid cystic ca > pleomorphic adenoma > mucoepidermoid ca > adenoca NOS > acinic cell ca > ca ex-pleomorphic adenoma > oncocytoma
482
MC salivary tumors (Lee)
pleomorphic adenoma
483
If calcification is seen within a salivary gland mass, most often the lesion is? / MC parotid mass w/ ossification
pleomorphic adenoma
484
MC salivary gland cystic masses in adults
Warthin's tumors or AIDS-related parotid cysts
485
MC salivary gland neoplasm in children
hemangioma
486
MC (salivary gland) tumors in the pediatric age group
hemangiomas > pleomorphic adenomas > mucoepidermoid ca > lymphanhiomatous tumors > acinic cell ca > undiff ca
487
Overall, 3rd MC minor salivary gland neoplasm
pleomorphic adenoma
488
MC benign tumor found in the parotid space / Make up almost 80% of parotid neoplasms
benign mixed tumor / pleomorphic adenoma
489
In most cases a pedunculated lesion of the parotid tail presenting as an angle of mandible mass (mass in the posterior SMS) will be?
either benign mixed or Warthin's tumor
490
2nd MC benign tumor of the PS / 2nd mc benign tumor arising in the parotid gland after BMT
Warthin's tumor
491
MC salivary gland tumor to present w/ multifocal or bilateral involvement / When multiple lesions are seen either in one parotid gland or bilaterally, the most likely dx is?
Warthin's tumor
492
Harns: 2nd MC multiple or bilateral parotid tumor (behind Warthin's tumor) / Som: 3rd MC bilateral salivary gland tumor after Warthin's tumor and pleomorphic adenoma
acinic cell ca
493
MC malignant (salivary gland) tumor to present bilaterally
acinic cell ca
494
2nd MC malignant salivary gland neoplasm of childhood
acinic cell ca
495
MC malignant tumor found in the parotid space / MC malignant lesion of the parotid gland / MC malignant parotid tumor in children
mucoepidermoid carcinoma
496
MC site of origin of salivary duct ca
parotid gland
497
MC site of acinic cell carcinoma
parotid gland (2nd MC: minor salivary glands)
498
MC malignant tumor seen in the submandibular gland / MC malignancy in the submandibular gland
adenoid cystic ca (submandibular gland malignancy is rare)
499
MC location of adenoid cystic carcinomas
parotid gland, submandibular gland, and palate
500
MC type of malignant minor salivary gland tumor / MC malignant salivary gland tumor to arise in children and adolescents under 20
mucoepidermoid ca
