Most common Flashcards
Lee and Sagel
1
Q
Most accurate window mean to precisely measure diameter of bronchial lumen
A
-150 HU
2
Q
Mean window setting to best determine bronchial wall thickness
A
-450 HU
3
Q
Tumors most likely to involve the brachial plexus include?
A
superior sulcus (Pancoast tumor) bronchogenic tumors and metastatic breast ca
4
Q
Best define the anatomy of the brachial plexus
A
T1 (sag plane most diagnostic)
5
Q
Most constant hilar structures
A
bronchi
6
Q
Most difficult bronchi to recognize
A
lingular bronchus (superior and inferior) and basilar segmental bronchi - those that course obliquely
7
Q
Most cephalad recognizable bronchus
A
apical segment of RUL
8
Q
In the left hilum, the most prominent lobulation occurs where?
A
where the descending left pulmonary artery branches posterior and caudal to the origin of the left upper lobe bronchus
9
Q
MC abnormal variation in the configuration of the trachea
A
saber sheath trachea
10
Q
Location of majority of mediastinal lymph nodes
A
right paratracheal region (adjacent to the tracheobronchial tree)
11
Q
Locations of largest LN size normally encountered
A
right tracheobronchial, aortopulmonary, and subcarinal
12
Q
Most commonly seen accessory fissure (please check!) / MC anomaly affecting the mediastinal veins
A
azygos fissure
13
Q
MC accessory fissure
A
inferior accessory fissure - most are on the right and incomplete (2nd MC: left minor fissure)
14
Q
MC type of situs
A
situs solitus
15
Q
MC congenital anomaly of the aorta
A
ARSA (originating from a normal left aortic arch)
16
Q
MC right aortic arch anomaly
A
right aortic arch w/ an aberrant left subclavian artery
17
Q
MC primary neoplasm of the anterior mediastinum
A
thymoma
18
Q
MC location of thymomas
A
prevascular anterior mediastinal compartment
19
Q
MC location of recurrent thymomas
A
surgical bed and pleural cavity
20
Q
MCC of anterior mediastinal mass of soft tissue attenuation in children
A
lymphoma (Hodgkin disease - 3-4x more freq than NHL)
21
Q
MC location of lymphomatous masses in Hodgkin disease
A
anterior mediastinum (lymphadenopathy or infiltration and enlargement of the thymus)
22
Q
MC type of thymic lymphoma
A
nodular sclerosing Hodgkin disease
23
Q
Fibrotic tissue within nodes are most commonly seen in?
A
nodular sclerosing Hodgkin disease
24
Q
2nd MCC of anterior mediastinal mass in children / MCC of a fat-containing lesion
A
GCTs
25
MC cell type of (extragonadal) GCTs / MC mediastinal GCT
mature teratomas
26
MC malignant GCT
seminomas
27
Most likely etiology of an anterior mediastinal mass in patients w/ Cushing syndrome and suspicion of ectopic ACTH
thymic carcinoid
28
Diagnosis of thymic ca is made after excluding the possibility of mets from primary tumor elsewhere, most frequently the?
lung
29
MC location of thymolipomas
anteroinferior mediastinum, abutting the heart
30
MC type of thymic cysts
congenital
31
MCC of true thymic hyperplasia
rebound thymic hyperplasia
32
MCC of thymic hyperplasia in childhood
rebound hyperplasia associated w/ chemo, particularly therapy w/ corticosteroids
33
MC type of foregut cyst / Accounts for almost 2/3 of mediastinal cysts
bronchogenic cysts
34
MC location of bronchogenic cysts / MC location of mediastinal bronchogenic cysts
subcarinal or right paratracheal area / right paratracheal region or adjacent to the carina
35
2nd MC type of mediastinal cyst after the bronchogenic type
thymic cyst
36
Typical location of esophageal duplication cysts
posterior mediastinum adjacent to or within the wall of the esophagus, usually distal thoracic esophagus
37
MC location of neuroenteric cysts
cephalad to the carina, on the right side
38
MC location of pericardial cysts
right cardiophrenic angle
39
MC location of pericardial cysts and diverticula
right anterior cardiophrenic angle
40
MC location of mediastinal liposarcomas
posterior mediastinum
41
MC benign mediastinal vascular tumor (90%, but rare)
hemangioma
42
MC location of lymphatic malformations
neck (75%) (2nd MC?: axilla - 20%)
43
MC site of origin of lymphangiomas
neck
44
MC location of intrathoracic lymphangiomas
right paratracheal area
45
Most neurogenic tumors in adults are?
nerve sheath tumors
46
MC site of origin of neurogenic tumors / nerve sheath tumors
intercostal nerves
47
MC tumor of peripheral nerves
schwannomas
48
MC primary sarcoma of the mediastinum
malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors
49
MC location of ganglioneuromas
posterior mediastinum
50
MC location of neuroblastoma and ganglioneuroblastoma after the adrenal gland and extraadrenal retroperitoneum
posterior mediastinum
51
MC etiologic agents of infectious spondylitis
Staph, TB, fungus
52
MC esophageal abnormality
hiatal hernia
53
MCC of acute mediastinitis
esophageal rupture or cardiothoracic surgery
54
MCC of a hilar or mediastinal mass
lymphadenopathy
55
MCC of primary hyperparathyroidism
solitary functioning adenoma
56
MC infectious diseases causing mediastinal and/or hilar LN enlargement
TB and fungal
57
LNs involved most frequently in TB
right paratracheal and tracheobronchial LNs
58
MC source of mediastinal and hilar LN mets
primary thoracic neoplasm, most commonly bronchogenic ca
59
MC extrathoracic tumors associated with intrathoracic nodal mets
GU (renal and testicular), H&N, breast, and melanoma
60
Most commonly involved nodal group in intrathoracic nodal mets
hilar and right paratracheal nodal groups
61
MC lung manifestations of AIDS-related lymphoma
pleural effusions and parenchymal nodules/infiltrates
62
MCC of saccular aneurysms
atherosclerosis
63
MCC of aneurysms in children
Marfan syndrome (most aneurysms in children are fusiform)
64
MC location of thoracic atherosclerotic aneurysms
proximal descending aorta
65
MC location of mycotic aneurysms
descending aorta and thoracoabdominal junction, above the renal arteries
66
Most commonly involved segment in syphilitic vasculitis
ascending aorta
67
MC location of posttraumatic localized false (pseudo) aneurysms
near the aortic isthmus, at the undersurface of the proximal descending aorta / immediately distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery, in the region of the aortic isthmus
68
MC location of false aneurysms
aortotomy site for valve replacement, cannulation site for bypass grafting, or near the site of a bypass graft
69
Annuloaortic ectasia is seen most frequently with?
Marfan
70
MC way of contamination in mycotic aneurysm/infected aortic aneurysm/aortic endarteritis
hematogenous dissemination
71
MC location into which thoracic aneurysms rupture
left hemithorax (especially the left pleural space) or mediastinum
72
MC site for juvenile aortic coarctation
isthmic region
73
MC method used in the repair of thoracic aortic aneurysms
graft interposition technique (aka open or exclusion)
74
MC acute emergency affecting the aorta
aortic dissection
75
Usual locations of the entry points of aortic dissections
ascending aorta, most frequently the right lateral wall, or descending aorta b/n origin of left subclavian artery and ligamentum arteriosum
76
Most important factor in management of aortic dissection
whether ascending aorta is involved
77
MC locations of aortic pulsation artifact in the ascending aorta (maximally at the aortic root)
left anterior and right posterior margin of the aorta (sa journal 12-1:00 and 6-7:00 position due to the pendular motion of the aorta)
78
Best MRI sequence to distinguish thrombus from slowly flowing blood
gradient echo images (steady state free precession “white blood” - under gradient echo?) - basta not spin echo
79
MC causes of aortic stenosis
congenital aortic coarctation and acquired post inflammatory stenosis (most frequently the result of Takayasu arteritis)
80
Aortic stenosis affects primarily what segments of the aorta?
descending thoracic aorta and thoracoabdominal junction
81
MC coexisting anomaly in adolescent and adult patients with COA
bicuspid aortic valve
82
Only aortitis that may result in aortic stenosis
Takayasu arteritis
83
MCC of SVC obstruction
malignant neoplasms, predominantly bronchogenic ca
84
MC aneurysm of saphenous vein grafts
pseudoaneurysm occuring at the proximal anastomotic site
85
MC focal disease of the trachea
benign stricture
86
MCC of tracheal strictures
injury from an endotracheal or tracheostomy tube
87
MC location of benign focal strictures from thermal injury/postinhalational burns
subglottic area
88
MCC of postinfectious tracheal stenosis
TB
89
MC primary malignant tracheal neoplasms
SCC and adenoid cystic carcinoma
90
2 major types of tracheal carcinomas
squamous cell (55%) and adenocystic (18%)
91
MC location of malignant tracheal neoplasms
posterior and lateral wall
92
MC malignant neoplasms to directly involve the trachea
carcinomas of the lung, larynx, thyroid, and esophagus **TELL**
93
Extrathoracic tumors that most commonly metastasize to the trachea
melanoma, breast ca, and RCC
94
Cartilages most commonly involved/destroyed in relapsing polychondritis
ear, nose, joints, and tracheobronchial tree
95
MCC of death in relapsing polychondritis
airway involvement
96
MC site of well differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas/typical carcinoid
central airway
-most typically the right upper
-middle lobe bronchi
97
MC type of lung cancer to present with *clinically palpable* **metastatic deep cervical/supraclavicular LNs**
SCC
98
MC sites of **occult extrathoracic mets**
brain > bone > liver > adrenals
🧠. 🦴. .
99
Link w/ smoking as a predisposing cause is weakest w/ this type of lung ca
bronchioloalveolar cell ca (subsgroup of adenoca)
100
MCC of compressive/passive atelectasis
fluid or air within the pleural space
101
MC location of rounded atelectasis
basal and dorsal, esp in the paraspinal region
102
Cardinal sign of bronchiectasis
dilatation of the bronchus
103
MC inciting allergen in bronchial asthma in patients with bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
Aspergillus fumigatus
104
Most of the pulmonary masses/lesions >3 cm / Most malignant solitary pulmonary nodules are?
bronchogenic ca
105
In the patient with a known extrapulmonary primary lesion, the pulmonary nodule most likely represents a metastasis if the primary site was a
**SMT**
1.sarcoma
2. melanoma
3. testicular ca.
106
A pulmonary nodule is likely a _____ if the primary tumor was in the breast or head and neck.
new bronchogenic carcinoma
107
MC location of pulmonary mets resulting from hematogenous dissemination
peripheral third of the lung, frequently in a subpleural location
108
MC location of calcified granulomas
periphery of the lung
109
MCC of false-positive results in PET
active granulomatous disease (TB, fungal, and sarcoidosis) or lipoid pneumonia
110
Most typical location of exogenous lipoid pneumonia
**middle** or **lower lobe** or **lingula**
111
MC form of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations
single form - dilated vascular sac connected to one supplying artery and draining vein
112
Most of the pulmonary arteriovenous malformations occur in association with?
hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome)
113
MC systemic arterial supply parasitized in intralobar sequestration
distal thoracic aortic branches to the visceral pleura near the inferior pulmonary ligament
114
MC primary of multiple cavitary metastases
SCC, most frequently of the head and neck or the cervix (other causes: sarcomas and colorectal ca)
115
Most specific and helpful CT feature in radiation pneumonitis
confinement of the radiation changes to the irradiated lung volume
116
Only reliable abnormality highly correlated w/ embolization
area of consolidation adjacent to a pleural surface that is wedge-shaped (triangular, tetrahedral) or with convex border bluging toward the hilum
117
MCC of poor opacification of the PAs resulting to suboptimal/inadequate technique
poor cardiac output (CHF)
118
MCC of fluid causing smooth, interlobular septal thickening
pulmonary edema
119
MC airspace process acounting for a ground-glass appearance
pneumonitis
120
MC type of chronic interstitial pneumonia
usual interstitial pneumonia
121
Honeycombing is most commonly a feature of
UIP
122
MC of the connective tissue disorders
rheumatoid arthritis
123
MC pulmonary manifestation of Sjogren syndrome
lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP) 25%
mid to lower zone predominant bilateral reticular opacification
deep, thinwalled and scattered cysts
medisstinal LAD
124
MC (thoracic) manifestation of sarcoidosis
mediastinal lymphadenopathy
125
Most commonly involved lung zones in pulmonary sarcoidosis
mid- and upper lung zones, esp along the central bronchovascular bundles
126
MC occupation involved in silicoproteinosis
sandblasting
silicoproteinosis - crystalline silica in thelung creates fibrotic nodules and scarring around silica particles
127
MC pulmonary manifestation of Wegener granulomatosis (granulomatosis with polyangitis)
(noncaseating granulomatous anca + vasculitis of small amd med sized vessels -lungs, urt and kidneys
peripheral, variable-sized usually irregular, pulmonary nodules 2-4 cm up to 10, frequently w/ shaggy internal cavitation
128
MC superinfection in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (Young and middle aged), strongly rt smoking male 2:1, thymic alymphoplasia if pedia
**Nocardia**
2: smooth thickening interlobular and intra septal lines and ggo - crazy paving
batwing opacities (edema, adult) miliary diffuse smsll opacities (child)
129
MC primary in pulmonary lymphangitic spread
**adenoca** of the **breast, lung, stomach, colon, and pancreas BLSCP**
130
MC form of emphysema
centrilobular / centriacinar / proximal acinar emphysema
131
MC fungal infection in non-AIDS immunocompromised patients, due to BM transplantation or leukemia or lymphoma
Aspergillus
132
MC offenders in fungal infections in AIDS patients
Aspergillus and Cryptococcus
133
MC radiologic pattern in bacterial pneumonias
consolidation
134
CMV pulmonary infection is most frequent in?
patients following organ or BM transplantation, on cyclosporine or similar immunosuppressants
135
MC virus causing morbidity and mortality in AIDS patients
CMV
136
MC appearance of septic emboli
multiple pulmonary nodules, many of which exhibit cavitation
*klebsiella, staph aureys, pseu aeroginosz, e coli, salmonella*
137
MC pleural abnormality
pleural effusions
138
MC traumatic cause for chylothorax
surgery
139
MC nontraumatic etiology for chylothorax
lymphoma dt obstruction of *thoracic duct or collaterals; NHL*
140
MC etiologies of pseudochylous (chyliform) pleural effusion
tuberculous empyema (TB pleurisy) and rheumatoid disease *(all dt chroni inflammation)*, cholesterol rich
141
Most dependent portion of the pleural space
posteromedial
142
MCC of empyemas
infected parapneumonic effusion following pyogenic bacterial pneumonia
143
MC malignancies associated with chronic empyemas
**lymphoma**> SCC, mesothelioma, and various sarcomas
144
MCC of pleural calcifications/plaques
asbestos exposure
145
MC manifestation of asbestos exposure
focal plaque formation
146
Rounded atelectasis is most commonly associated with?
prior asbestos exposure
147
MC benign pleural neoplasm
fibrous tumors of the pleura
148
MC benign tumors involving the pleura
localized fibrous tumors and lipoma
149
MC site of origin of fibrous tumors
visceral pleura
150
MC soft tissue tumors involving the chest wall
lipoma
151
MC form of malignancy involving the pleura
metastases
152
MC cell type to metastasize to the pleura
adenocarcinoma
153
Most carcinogenic and fibrogenic form of asbestos
crocidolite
154
Most cases of postpneumonectomy syndrome occurs following?
right pneumonectomy, or left pneumonectomy in patients with a right aortic arch
155
MC location of recurrent bronchogenic ca
near the bronchial stump or in mediastinal LNs
156
MC affected joint in SAPHO syndrome
sternoclavicular region
157
MC neoplasms involving the sternum
MM and hematogenous mets from **lung**, **breast**, **prostate**, **thyroid**, or **renal ca**
malignant: **chondrosarcoma**>osteosarc>myeloma>malignant lymphoma
158
MCC of empyema necessitans
TB
159
MC benign tumor of cartilage and bone
osteochondromas / exostoses
160
Only reliable CT sign of chest wall invasion by a mass contacting the parietal pleura
rib or spine destruction
161
Most specific indicator of parietal pleural invasion
clinical presence of focal chest wall pain
162
MCC of a destructive lesion in the rib or sternum in adults
metastatic disease followed by MM
163
MC primary malignant tumor of the chest wall
chondrosarcoma
164
Chondrosarcoma more frequently arises from
anterior ribs (near the costal cartilage junction) > sternum, clavicle, or sapula
165
Radiation therapy is most commonly administered for
breast ca
166
Most reliable means of distinction of recurrent tumor from radiation fibrosis
focal mass
167
MCC of pseudomeningocele
motorcycle accidents
168
MC site of lateral arcuate ligaments resembling nodules or tumor implants
right side adjacent to the posterior pararenal space, along the lateral aspect of the lateral arcuate ligament, w/c extends from the transverse process of L1 to the middle of the 12th rib
169
MC injuries associated with diaphragm rupture in motor vehicle trauma
liver or spleen injury, rib and pelvic fractures (Berbquist's triad), and pulmonary contusion
170
Unilateral or bilateral anterior diaphragmatic lymphadenopathy is most often associated with?
**lymphoma** or *lung, breast, or colon* **ca**
171
MC malignant process to involve the retrocrural lymph nodes
lymphoma
172
MC malignant primary tumors of the diaphragm
sarcomas of fibrous or muscular origin
173
MC arrhythmia
atrial fibrillation
174
MC complication of percutaneous catheter ablation
PV stenosis
175
MC of all infiltrative restrictive cardiomyopathies in the Western world
amyloid
176
MC benign cardiac tumor
myxoma (usually left atrium, attached by a thin stalk at the fossa ovalis)
177
Usual location of lipoma
right atrium
178
MC malignant cardiac tumor
angiosarcoma (right atrium)
179
MC cardiac tumor in children
rhabdomyoma
180
MC tumors of cardiac valves
fibroelastomas
181
MC site of fibroelastomas
aortic valve > mitral valve (usually atrial side)
182
MC secondary tumors of the heart
metastatic disease as an extension from tumors of the adjacent lung or mediastinal structures
183
MC underlying malignancy in direct invasion
lung ca
184
MC primary tumor in patients with cardiac mets
**bronchogenic ca** (36%) > **nonsolid primary malignancies** *(leukemia, lymphoma, and Kaposi sarcoma*) (20%) > **breast** (7%) > **esophagus** (6%)
185
MC source of hematogenous metastases to the heart
melanoma
186
MC mass of the heart in general
thrombus (most frequently involving the LA or LV)
187
MCC of chest injuries that occur in civilian populations
blunt chest trauma
188
MC associated injuries in patients with blunt trauma
head trauma, extremity fractures, and intraabdominal injuries
189
Most commonly fractured ribs in patients w/ significant chest trauma
4th through 9th ribs
190
Most commonly involved in thoracic spine fractures
lower thoracic spine (T9 through T11)
191
MC injury resulting from blunt chest trauma
pulmonary contusion
192
MC type of pulmonary lacerations on CT
Type 1
193
MC complaint in the immediate postinjury period after traumatic aortic laceration
retrosternal or interscapular pain
194
Among radiographic findings, the most sensitive predictor of aortic injury and the MC indication for aortography
widening of the mediastinum w/ loss of the aortic contour
195
MCC of mediastinal hemorrhage
disruption of small arteries and veins in the mediastinum (rather than aortic injury)
196
MC manifestation of cardiac trauma
myocardial contusion
197
Most frequently injured cardiac chamber
RV (majority of the exposed anterior surface of the heart directly behind sternum)
198
More common laterality in pericardial rupture / rupture of the diaphragmatic pericardium and/or pleuropercardium
left
*left pleuropericardium, followed by the diaphragmatic and right pleuropericardium. *
199
Most tracheobronchial tears involve the?
distal tracheal (15%) or proximal mainstem bronchi (80%), w/ >80% of all tears occurring within 2.5 cm of the carina
200
MC site of diaphragmatic rupture
area of the central tendon or at its transition to the muscular portion of the diaphragm
201
Most commonly involved segments in diaphragmatic rupture
posterior and posterolateral diaphragmatic segments
202
MC airspace disease
pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
203
MC location of tracheal or pig bronchus
right side of the trachea and usually within 2 cm of the carina
204
MC location of accessory cardiac bronchus
inferior medial wall of the right main or intermediate bronchus
205
MCC of intalobular lines / thickening of intralobular interstitium
fibrosis
206
MC forms of spina bifida aperta
myelocele and myelomeningocele
207
Deep end of the dermal sinus/stalk most commonly ends at the?
conus (64%)
208
MC skeletal location of epidermoids
lumbar
209
MC location of dermoids
thoracic (25%) or thoracolumbar (75%)
210
MC type of **occult** spinal dysraphism
**spinal lipomas**
211
MC newborn tumor / MC tumor of the sacrococcygeal region in childhood / MC sacrococcygeal GCT
sacrococcygeal teratoma
212
MC sites of **unfused spinous processes**
**L5 and S1** > C1, C7, T1, and lower thoracic
213
MC site of block vertebrae
lumbar spine > cervical > thoracic
214
MC location of fusions in (type II) **Klippel-Feil syndrome**
**C2-C3** - most rostral tapos cumulative kasi ang fusion dito nag-start ang pag-add (next mc: C5-C6)
215
Largest avascular substance in the body
disc
216
Most lumbar disc herniations extend through defects in what portion of the posterior annulus?
posterolaterally or midline
217
Hallmark of herniated disc
focal contour abnormality along the posterior disc margin w/ a ST mass displacing the epidural fat, nerve root, epidural veins, or thecal sac
218
Hallmark of disc herniation (in the cervical spine)
focal protuberance of the disc margin
219
MC degenerative process of the spine
spondylosis deformans
220
MCC of central canal stenosis in the cervical spine
spondylosis deformans (osteophytosis) and ligamentous thickening
221
About 90% of all focal disk abnormalities in the lumbar spine occur at?
L4-L5 / L5-S1
222
Central canal stenosis in the lumbar spine is MC at what levels?
L2-L3, L3-L4, and L4-L5
223
Degenerative form of spondylolisthesis that occurs secondary to degenerative disease of the facet joints most commonly occurs at what level?
L4-L5
224
About 90% of all focal disk abnormalities in the cervical spine occur at?
C5-C6 and C6-C7
225
MC locations of posttraumatic cervical disc herniations
C4 - C7 (cervical and thoracic - more common than lumbar in posttraumatic disc herniations)
226
Procedure of choice for evaluating pars interarticularis defects
CT
227
MC diagnosis in the scenario of a lesion occupying 2 compartments
neurofibroma extending into both the extradural and intradural extramedullary spaces
228
MC pattern in patients w/ low back pain or radiculopathy after surgery for disc disease
presence of both scar and recurrent herniated disc material in the epidural space
229
MC finding in arachnoiditis
clumping of nerve rootlets in the thecal sac
230
MC location of vertebral hemangiomas
thoracic region (60%)
231
MC location of osteochondromas (most common noncancerous bone growth)
thoracic or lumbar (posterior elements - spinous processes)
232
MC location of osteoid osteoma
lumbar (posterior elements - laminae)
233
MC location of osteoblastoma
lumbar (posterior elements)
234
MC frequently affected site in aneurysmal bone cysts
lumbar (posterior elements - neural arch)
(long bones eccentric metaphysis, femur, prox tibia, fibula, humerus)
235
MC location of chordomas
sacrum
236
MC location of **C**hordomas in the spine
cervical > lumbar > thoracic
sacrococcygeal>sphenooccipital> vert body
mc -conventional
best prognosis -chondroid chordoma
poorly differentisted - least common worst prognosis
237
Most frequently involved spine in neuroblastomas (most immature modt malignant), ganglioneuroma (most benign mature ganglion cells ), and ganglioneuroblastoma(mature gangliocytes immature neuroblasts)(all peripheral neuroblastic tumors)in Sns
thoracic and lumbar
238
MC location of osteosarcomas in the spine
thoracic (33%) > lumbar (32%) - posterior elements
239
MC site of epidural tumor
thoracic
epidural mets spinal> lumbar>cervical
240
MC tumor with intradural extramedullary location
nerve sheath tumors
241
MC location of nerve sheath tumors
cervical
242
MC location of spinal meningiomas
thoracic
243
Usual location of meningiomas within the canal
posterolateral, except in cervical - anterior
244
Most often affected segments within the cervical spine, excluding the foramen magnum
C3 and C4
245
MC lesion in the differential diagnosis w/ a spinal meningioma
nerve sheath tumor
246
MC location leptomeningeal tumor
lumbosacral (due to gravity)
247
MC location of spinal as**T**rocy**T**omas (intramedullary)
thoracic cord > cervical>
2nd mc SC tumor,
mc sc tumor for children
peak at 3rd decade 3:2 MF
1/3 of all spinal glial tumors
Inc incidence in NF1
T1 iso to hypo T2 hyper Gad patchy enhancemnet
248
MC location of myxopapillary ependymomas
filum
slow growing benign tumors, 30-50,ependyms of the filum, medullary conus and cauda
249
MC location of spinal hemangioblastomas
thoracic - most are intramedullary
3rd mc intramedullary spinal neoplasm
rt VonnHippel Landau syndrome -SAH or hemstomy3lia
densely enhancing nidus with assoc dilated arteries prominent draining veins
250
MC primary of all intramedullary cord metastases
lung ca > melanoma, lymphoma, colon, and kidney
251
MC location of in**T**ramedullary cord me**T**as**T**ases
thoracic
252
MC location of spinal lipomas
lumbosacral
253
MC location of spinal cord arteriovenous malformations
thoracolumbar region, posterior, and EXTRAmeduloary or outside the spinal cord
mc spinal vascular malformatiom,
254
MC benign bone tumor
osteochondroma
255
MC sign of osteoid osteoma
focal tenderness
found in long bones shin bones
near cortex
children (adolescents)>
lucent nidus <1.5 or 2 cm with osteoclastic rxn
nsaids --> night pain
256
Traditionally the primary modality for evaluation of suspected osteoid osteomas
CT
257
MC location of giant cell tumors
knee
258
MC benign spinal column tumor, excluding hemangiomas / MC tumor to involve the sacrum
GCT
259
MC among neuroblastomas, ganglioneuroma, and ganglioneuroblastoma
neuroblastoma
260
Most well differentiated among neuroblastomas, ganglioneuroma, and ganglioneuroblastoma
ganglioneuroma
261
Excluding CNS tumors, the MC solid tumor of children
neuroblastoma
262
MC primary malignant bone tumor in the pediatric population
osteosarcoma
263
2nd mc primary malignant bone tumor after osteosarcoma in younger individuals
Ewing sarcoma
264
2nd mc location for metastatic disease to the CNS in patients w/ systemic cancer, after the brain
spine
265
MC tumor affecting the vertebrae
myeloma
266
MC primary intracranial neoplasms causing **L**epto**M**eningeal tumor
medulloblastoma (48%) (2nd mc: glioblastoma and high-grade astrocytomas (III and IV - 14%)
267
MCC of leptomeningeal tumors among the systemic tumors
breast ca > lung, melanoma, GU, H&N, or colon
GBM and anaplastic astrocytoma
268
MC primary of all intramedullary cord metastases
lung ca > melanoma, lymphoma, colon, and kidney
269
MC location of intramedullary cord metastases
thoracic
270
MC intramedullary cord tumor in adults / MC primary cord tumor of the lower spinal cord, conus medullaris, and filum terminale
ependymoma
271
MC intradura**L** mesenchymal mass
lipoma
272
MC location of spinal cord hemorrhage
within the central gray matter
273
MC spinal vascular lesion / MC spinal vascular malformation / MC spinal vascular anomaly in the older adult
dorsal intradural AVF / spinal dural AVF (SDAVF) / type 1 AVF
thoracolumbar regionradiculomeningeal artery into the radicular vein
274
MC type of SDAVF
type A - single feeding artery
275
MC location of SDAVFs
thoracolumbar, usually b/n T5 and L3
276
MC symptom of SDAVF
progressive LE weakness
277
MC spinal vascular malformation with arteriovenous shunting
SDAVMs / shunts
278
MC type of a spinal intradural arteriovenous shunt
single, sporadic spinal intradural AVM
279
MC location of SCAVMs
thoracolumbar
280
May be the MCC of ischemic damage to the spinal cord
spontaneous aortic dissection
281
MC location of childhood discitis
lumbar - L2-L3 and L3-L4
282
MC site affected in RA after the MCP joints
cervical spine
283
MC seronegative spondyloarthritis
ankylosing spondylitis
284
Most characteristic spinal involvement in spondyloarthritis
enthesitis (inflammatory process affecting the insertions of the vertebral ligaments)
285
MC location of spinal epidural abscess
lower thoracic and lumbar spine > cervical and upper thoracic spine
286
MC location of spinal subdural abscess
thoracolumbar
287
MCC of arachnoiditis
iatrogenic
288
MC site of acute transverse myelitis
thoracic spine > cervical spine
289
MC worldwide cause of acute flaccid paralysis
Guillain-Barre syndrome
290
MC presentation of syphilis in the spine
gummas
291
MC location of tuberculous spondylodiscitis
thoracolumbar junction
292
MC opportunistic bacterial infection in AIDS patients
M. avium complex
293
MC causes of human opportunistic mycotic infections
Candida and Aspergillus
294
MC systemic and CNS fungal infection in immunocompromised populations
cryptococcosis neoformans
ct - cns , diffuse cerbral atrophy, hydrocephalus, diffuse edema, mass lesions
pulmo- single, multiple pulmo nodules, segmental or lobar consolidation
hiv, leukemia, cancer, steroids
295
MC parasitic infection of the CNS
cysticercosis
296
MC location of intramedullary cysticerci
thoracic (highest blood flow - hematogenous route)
297
MCC of focal brain lesions in patients w/ AIDS
toxoplasmosis
298
MC viral cause of transverse myelitis
family Herpesviridae
299
MC manifestation of herpesviridae infection
encephalitis
300
MC chronic myelopathy associated w/ HIV infection
vacuolar myelopathy
301
MC opportunistic infection that affects the intraspinal content
CMV
302
MC site of traumatic diastasis (in children) as it typically does not ossify completely until the mid teens
sphenooccipital synchondrosis (other common sites: petrooccipital and occipitomastoid)
303
MC site of epidural hematoma
squamous portion of the temporal bone
304
Most commonly injured artery in epidural hematoma
middle meningeal artery
305
Most commonly affected CN in clival epidural hematomas (most often occuring in children and presenting with multiple cranial neuropathies)
abducens (VI) nerve (followed by the glossopharyngeal [IX] and hypoglossal [XII] nerves)
306
MC etiology of acute subdural hematoma
tearing of bridging cortical veins as they cross the subdural space to enter a dural venous sinus (usually the SSS)
307
2nd MC extraaxial hematoma
acute subdural hematoma
308
MC of the intraaxial injuries / parenchymal lesions seen in TBI
cerebral/cortical contusions (2nd MC: DAI)
309
MC locations of contusions
temporal tips, as well as the lateral and inferior surfaces and the perisylvian gyri / anteroinferior frontal, temporal lobes
310
MC locations of DAI
corona radiata and along compact white matter tracts such as the corpus callosum (esp the genu and splenium), fornix, and internal capsule / subcortical and deep white matter (cortex is typically spared)
311
MCC of pneumocephalus
trauma in text (but in the Osborn table, surgery)
312
MC compartment where intracranial air exists
subdural space (MC site: frontal)
313
MC intracranial location of extramedullary hematopoiesis
subdural space
314
MC result of shaking in abusive head trauma
diffusely distributed acute subdural hematoma
315
MC intracranial imaging finding in confirmed cases of abusive head trauma
subdural hematoma
316
MCC of subdural hygroma in a child <2 yrs
trauma, both accidental and inflicted
317
MC secondary manifestation of any expanding intracranial mass, regardless of etiology
herniations
318
2nd MC type of intracranial herniation syndrome / MC brain herniation that causes secondary cerebral infarction
descending transtentorial herniation
319
MC posterior fossa herniation
tonsillar herniation
320
MCC of acquired tonsillar herniation
expanding posterior fossa mass
321
MC complication of ascending transtentorial herniation
acute intraventricular obstructive hydrocephalus - compression of cerebral aqeuduct
322
MCC of posttraumatic cerebral ischemia
vascular compression secondary to herniation
323
Most commonly affected vessel in intracranial traumatic dissection
vertebral artery (usually between the skull base and C1) - anterior circulations typically involve the supraclinoid ICA (Google: supraclinoid=between ophthalmic and PCOM)
324
Most frequently involved site of intracranial dissections / MC site of dissecting aneurysms
vertebral artery
325
MC location of vertebral dissections
skull base to C1 and C1 to C2
326
MC sites of traumatic pseudoaneurysm
vertebral artery > distal ACA
327
MC site of dissection in the head and neck
extracranial ICA
328
MC sites of posttraumatic encephalomalacia
anteroinferior frontal lobes and anterior temporal lobes - areas with high incidence of cortical contusions
329
MC nontraumatic cause of spontaneous intraventricular hemorrhage in neonates >34 gestational weeks
dural venous sinus thrombosis (pag <34 weeks, GMH)
330
MC site of intracranial dural AVFs
transverse/sigmoid sinus junction (2nd MC: indirect CCF)
331
MC site of dural venous sinus thrombosis in older children and adults
transverse sinus
332
MC sites of dural venous sinus thrombosis in infants
straight sinus > SSS
333
2nd MCC of unexplained intracerebral hemorrhage in young adults
drug abuse
#1 vascular malformations
334
MC site of ectasias
posterior circulation
335
MCC of nontraumatic, nonaneurysmal SAH
perimesencephalic nonaneurysmal SAH
336
MC site of posterior circulation saccular aneurysms
basilar artery bifurcation (2nd MC: PICA)
337
MC cranial neuropathy as a presentation of saccular aneurysms
CN III palsy (pupil) from a PCoA aneurysm
338
MC location for an infundibulum
PCoA
339
MC site of blood blister-like aneurysm
anterosuperior (dorsal) wall of the supraclinoid ICA
340
MC location of capillary telangiectasia
medulla
341
MC extracardiac cause of high-output cardiac failure in newborns
vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation
342
MC location of DVAs (developmental venous anomaly or cerebral venous angioma)
adjacent to frontal horn (2nd MC: next to 4th ventricle)
343
MC histologically mixed cerebral vascular malformation
cavernous-venous
344
MC component in mixed vascular malformations
cerebral cavernous malformation
345
MC site of sinus pericranii
frontal lobe
(abn communication bet intracranial dural sinuses and extracranial venous structures via transosseous vein) (low flow vascular malformation, involves Sss)
blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome
346
MC scalp mass in middle-aged and older adults
sebaceous (trichilemmal) cyst
347
1st and 2nd MC cerebral vascular malformation
1 AV shunt and cavernous malformatiom
2 brain capillary telangiectasias
348
MC circle of Willis variant
absent or hypoplastic PCoA
349
Most likely source of calcified embolus
("at-risk" ulcerated atherosclerotic plaque in the) cervical or cavernous ICA
350
MC findings of GM-WM blurring
insular ribbon sign and disappearing basal ganglia sign
351
MC site of ASCVD in the craniocervical vasculature (atherosclerotic cvd)
carotid bifurcation, followed by the cavernous ICA
352
MCC of blooming black dots in older patients
chronic hypertension or amyloid angiopathy
353
2 MC etiologies of unexplained spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in eldery patients
hypertensive hemorrhage/chronic hypertension with arteriolar lipohyalinosis and amyloid angiopathy
354
MC causes of multiple ICHs in middle-aged and older adults
HTN, amyloid angiopathy, hemorrhagic mets, and impaired coag
355
MC causes of multiple microbleeds in children and young adults
cavernous malformations or hematologic disorders
356
MCC of cerebral microbleeds in children and young adults
trauma with hemorrhagic axonal injury
357
MC location of petechial hemorrhages from hemorrhagic transformation
basal ganglia and cortex
358
Most commonly affected location in embolic infarcts
GM-WM interface
359
MC locations of prominent PVSs
inferior third of the basal ganglia (clustered around the anterior commisure), subcortical WM (including the external capsule), and midbrain
360
MC locations of lacunae
basal ganglia (putamen, globus pallidus, caudate nucleus), thalami, internal capsule, deep cerebral WM, and pons
361
MC locations of arachnoid granulations
transverse sinus and superior sagittal sinus
362
MC site of cervicocephalic involvement of fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD)
ICA
363
MC type of fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD)
type 1 / medial fibroplasia
364
MCC of ischemic stroke in young and middle-aged adults
craniocervical arterial dissection
365
MCC of severe cerebral vasoconstriction
vasospasm with multifocal foci of arterial constriction and dilatation
366
MC worldwide cause of childhood stroke
sickle cell disease
367
MC monogenic heritable cause of lacunar stroke and vascular dementia in adults / MC inherited cerebral small vessel disease
CADASIL
368
MC form of thrombotic microangiopathy
DIC
369
Most globally common of the congenital infections / Leading cause of nonhereditary deafness in children / MCC of congenital brain infection in developed countries
congenital CMV infection
370
2nd mc congenital infection
toxoplasmosis
371
MC location of cerebral parenchymal calcifications in Zika virus infection
cerebral hemispheric GM-WM junction
372
Most striking and consistent finding in congenital HIV
atrophy, particularly frontal lobes
373
MC imaging findings in congenital syphilis
hydrocephalus and meningitis w/ leptomeningeal enhancement
374
MC route of meningitis
hematogenous (2nd MC: direct extension from sinusitis, otitis, or mastoiditis)
375
MCC of meningitis
acute pyogenic (bacterial) infection
376
Leading cause of newborn meningitis in developed countries
group Bß-hemolytic streptococcal meningitis
377
Leading cause of newborn meningitis in developing countries
enteric, gram-neg organisms (typically E. coli, less commonly Enterobacter or Citrobacter)
378
MCC of childhood bacterial meningitis now (because of significant decrease in H. influenzae meningitis due to vaccination)
Neisseria meningitidis
379
Most commonly involved in meningitis
basal cisterns and SAS (followed by cerebral convexity sulci)
380
MCC of acute febrile encephalopathy
pyogenic meningitis
381
MC location of postmeningitis reactive effusions
subdural - frontal, parietal, and temporal convexities
382
MC agents of abscess in immunocompetent adults
Strep, Staph aureus, and pneumococci
383
MC opportunistic infections in patients w/ HIV/AIDS
toxoplasmosis and tuberculosis
384
MC CT finding in early cerebritis
poorly marginated cortical/subcortical hypodense mass
385
Infection of the ventricular ependyma most often occurs when?
pyogenic abscess ruptures through its thin, medial capsule into the adjacent ventricle
386
MC pathogens causing ventriculitis
Staph, Strep, and Enterobacter
387
MCC of empyemas in infants and young children
bacterial meningitis
388
MCC of empyemas in older children and adults
extension of infection from paranasal sinus disease
389
MC organisms in empyemas
Staph and Strep
390
MC locations of (subdural) empyemas
frontal and frontoparietal convexities
391
MCC of Pott puffy tumor
untreated frontal sinusitis
392
Most frequently affected locations in herpes simplex encephalitis
anterior and medial temporal lobes, insular cortex, subfrontal area, and cingulate gyri
393
MC location of extralimbic HSE
parietal cortex
394
MC worldwide cause of sporadic (ie nonepidemic) viral encephalitis
HSV-1
395
MC finding in TB meningitis on NECT
hydrocephalus
396
MC site of CNS mycoses
meninges
397
MC cerebral complication following BM transplantation
Aspergillosis
398
MC CNS site of T. solium larvae (neurocysticercosis)
intracranial subarachnoid spaces
399
MC site of intraventricular neurocysticercosis
fourth
400
2nd MC acquired idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating disease
MC idiopathic
ADEM (acute disseminated encephalomyelitis)
Multiple sclerosis
401
MC imaging pattern of autoimmune encephalitis
limbic encephalitis (one or both medial temporal lobes)
402
MC affected segment of the spinal cord in NMOSD (neuronyelitis optic spectrum disorder) (Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder is a rare inflammatory disease that most often affects the optic nerves and spinal cord. Less often, it affects the brain. It often leads to sudden vision loss, paralysis or both. Symptoms after a first attack usually improve.)
cervical
403
Most commonly involved CNs in neurosarcoidosis
II and VII
404
MC of all solid neoplasms in children and adolescents (0-19 yo) / MC cancer among those aged 0-19 years
primary CNS tumors / brain and CNS tumors
405
1. MC anatomic location of all intracranial tumors in adults
2. According to ScienceDirect Topics, the most common locations for intracranial tumors are:
3. Brain tumors in adults are often found ___ the tentorium, while brain tumors in children are often found ____ the tentorium.
4. The most common site of primary CNS tumors is
1. meninges > cerebral hemispheres, sellar region, CNs, brainstem, and cerebellum
2. Posterior fossa: 70% of cases
Supratentorial region: 30% of cases
3. Brain tumors in adults are often found above the tentorium, while brain tumors in children are often found below the tentorium.
4. The most common site of primary CNS tumors is brain parenchyma, followed by the meninges, sellar region, and nerves.
406
MC histologic subtype of primary CNS neoplasm
meningiomas > gliomas, pituitary adenomas
407
MC primary brain tumor in adults / MC of all intracranial neoplasms / MC of all brain tumors / Most frequently diagnosed primary tumor
meningioma
408
MC radiation-induced neoplasm
meningioma
409
MC malignant CNS neoplasm / MC congenital astrocytoma
glioblastoma
410
MC overall malignant brain tumor
glial neoplasms
411
Most frequently reported intracranial tumors in children age 0-4 yo
embryonal neoplasm (**MEDULLOBLASTOMA**)
412
MC location of intracranial GCTs
pineal region, around the 3rd ventricle - midline
413
MC intracranial GCT
germinomas
414
Account for majority of sellar/suprasellar masses in adults / 3rd mc overall intracranial neoplasm in adults
pituitary adenoma
415
MC intracranial parenchymal cysts
enlarged perivascular spaces and hippocampal sulcus remnants > porencephalic (encephaloclastic) cysts
416
MC intraventricular cyst
chroroid plexus cyst
417
2nd mc intraventricular cyst but the most important to diagnose
colloid cyst - can suddently and unexpectedly obstruct -> hydroceph and even death
418
MC overall childhood cancers (0-19 yo)
pilocytic astrocytoma and embryonal tumors (2/3 of which are medulloblastoma)
419
MC malignant CNS neoplasm of childhood / 2nd mc overall pediatric brain tumor (after astrocytoma) / MC malignant posterior fossa childhood neoplasm
medulloblastoma
420
MC primary brain tumor in children
pilocytic astrocytoma
421
MC sites of childhood astrocytomas (after 1-2 yo)
cerebellum and brainstem (> half are infratentorial)
422
MC location of pilocytic astrocytomas
cerebellum
423
2nd MC site of pilocytic astrocytomas
in and around optic nerve/chiasm and hypothalamus/third ventricle - 1/4 to 1/3 of all PAs (3rd MC: pons and medulla)
424
2nd mc overall astrocytoma site in children
clusters around 3rd ventricle, hypothalamus, and optic chiasm
425
MC appearance of a posterior fossa pilocytic astrocytoma
well-delineated cerebellar cyst w/ mural nodule (other sites: tend to be solid, infiltrating, less well marginated)
426
Least common site of astrocytomas in children
cerebral hemispheres - MC seen is diffuse astrocytoma (II)
427
Worst survival of all pediatric brain tumors
H3 K27M-mutant diffuse midline glioma
428
MC sites of H3 K27M-mutant midline glioma
brainstem, thalamus, and spinal cord
429
The only finding sufficient to diff SEGA from SEN
progressive enlargement - SENs remain stable
430
MC site of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma
temporal lobe
431
MC of all primary CNS neoplasms in patients 18-30 yo (young adults)
IDH-mutant diffuse astroctyoma
432
MC location of IDH-mutant diffuse astrocytomas
frontal or temporal lobes - hemispheric white matter
433
MC overall site of IDH-mutant diffuse astrocytomas
cerebral hemispheres w/ preferential location in frontal lobes
434
In contrast to IDH-wild-type GBMs, what is the MC location of IDH-mutant GBMs?
frontal lobe, just like diffuse astrocytomas (wild type - anywhere in hemispheres)
435
MC and most malignant of all astrocytomas
IDH-wild-type GBM
436
MC malignant brain tumor in adults / MC primary CNS neoplasm that causes "brain-to-brain" metastases
GBM
437
MC route of GBM spread
white matter tracts (such as corpus callosum, fornices, anterior commissure, and corticospinal tract)
438
3rd MC type of glial neoplasm (after GBM and anaplastic astrocytoma) / 3rd MC primary brain tumor
oligodendroglioma
439
MC site of oligodendrogliomas
frontal lobe - G-W matter junction
440
MC subtype of those tumors that exhibit ependymal differentiation / 3rd MC posterior fossa tumor of childhood (after medulloblastoma and astrocytoma)
ependymoma
441
MC location of ependymomas
fourth ventricle (infratentorial)
442
MC location of subependymoma
frontal horn of the lateral ventricle, near the foramen of Monro, where they are often attached to the septi pellucidi (2nd mc 4th ventricle) [Note: pero sa box, posterior fossa (4th ventricle) > supratentorial (frontal horn) !!!]
443
MC and most benign primary choroid plexus tumor / MCC of overproduction hydrocephalus
choroid plexus papilloma
444
5th mc congenital brain neoplasm (after teratoma, astrocytoma, craniopharyngioma, and PNET)
choroid plexus papilloma
445
MC overall site of choroid plexus papillomas
trigone (lateral ventricle -50%, usually children) (fourth ventricle -40%, usually adults)
446
MC location of choroid plexus papilloma in infants
atrium of the lateral ventricle
447
MC mixed glioneural tumor / MC histologically mixed glioneural neoplasm
ganglioglioma
448
MC location of gangliogliomas
temporal lobe - superficial
449
2 MC long-term epilepsy-associated tumors
ganglioglioma and DNET
450
MC site of DNET
temporal lobes (45-50%)
451
MCC of temporal lobe epilepsy
ganglioglioma (2nd MCC: DNET)
452
MC location of rosette-forming glioneural tumor
4th ventricle and/or cerebellar vermis - infratentorial midline (2nd mc: pineal)
453
Mc location of supratentorial gangliocytomas
temporal lobe (3/4)
454
MC primary intraventricular neoplasm of young and middle-aged adults
central neurocytoma
455
Most tumors of the pineal gland are?
germ cell neoplasms
456
MC pineal parenchymal tumor
pineacytoma - 15-60% (pero sa text 13-15% lang and pineacytomas samantalang 2/3 ang PPTID)
457
MC pineal parenchymal tumor
pineal parenchymal tumor of intermediate differentiation (PPTID) - 1/2 to 2/3 of cases
458
MCC of death in pinealoblastomas
CSF dissemination
459
MC location of intracranial germinomas
pineal (2nd mc: suprasellar)
460
MC off-midline sites of intracranial germinomas
basal ganglia and thalami
461
MC combination of multiple intracranial germinomas
pineal + suprasellar (bifocal or double midline) germinoma
462
MC intracranial GCT / MC of the germ cell neoplasms
germinoma
463
MC presentation for suprasellar germinoma
central diabetes insipidus
464
MC prenatally detected parenchymal brain tumors
teratomas
465
MC site of intracranial teratomas
pineal or suprasellar region
466
Rarest, most malignant of all the intracranial GCTs
primary intracranial choriocarcinoma (PICCC)
467
MC parenchymal posterior fossa mass in adults / MCC of enhancing posterior fossa intraaxial (parenchymal) mass
mets
468
MC extracranial solid cancer in childhood / MC overall cancer in infants
secondary/metastatic neuroblastoma
469
Excluding CNS tumors, the MC solid tumor of children
neuroblastoma
470
MC manifestation of metastates in neuroblastomas
skeletal mets
471
MC of all intracranial neoplasms / MC of all brain tumors / Most frequently diagnosed primary tumor / MC dura-based neoplasm in children
meningioma
472
MC cytogenetic alteration in meningioma
monosomy of chromosome 22 (related ba sa NF2?)
473
MC location of meningiomas
convexities or parasagital / parasagittal/convexity
474
MC infratentorial site of meningiomas
CPA > jugular foramen and foramen magnum (usually from clivus or craniocervical junction)
475
Most important site for CSF turnover
dura mater/pachymeninx
476
MC benign mesenchymal tumors that occur within the CNS
osteocartilaginous tumors such as chondroma, osteochondroma, and osteoma
477
MC site of intracranial benign mesencymal tumors
falx (supratentorial)
478
Overall MC benign osteocartilaginous tumor of the skull base
chondroma/enchondroma
479
MC site of chondromas and enchondromas
central skull base, especially the sella/parasellar region (kasi they usually arise from cartilaginous synchondroses in the skull base which develops by enchondral ossification)
480
MC benign osseous tumor of the calvaria
osteoma
481
MC sites of osteomas
paranasal sinuses (mas MC) and calvaria (kasi osteomas arise from membranous bone eh and calvaria ay nagdedevelop by membranous ossification)
482
MC benign tumor of infancy
hemangioma
483
MC intracranial site of hemangiomas
diploic space of the calvaria
484
MC primary intracranial nonmeningothelial mesenchymal neoplasm, although rare
solitary fibrous tumor/hemangiopericytoma
485
MC location of solitary fibrous tumor/hemangiopericytoma
occipital region (often straddles the transverse sinus)
486
2nd MC infratentorial parenchymal mass in adults (after mets)
hemangioblastoma
487
MC primary posterior fossa tumor in the adult
hemangioblastoma
488
MC site of hemangioblastomas
cerebellum (80%) > vermis (15%)
489
MC basic imaging pattern of hemangioblastomas
nonneoplastic peritumoral cyst w/ solid nodule (2nd MC: solid w/o cysts)
490
MC ocular motor nerve palsy
simple/isolated abducens palsy
491
Only tongue muscle not innervated by hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
geniohyoid muscle - innervated by C1 spinal nerve
492
MC intracranial site of schwannomas
vestibulocochlear nerve (2nd mc: trigeminal) (3rd mc: jugular foramen) ( > VII > XII (?) - rarest daw and XII)
493
MC site of schwannomas
skin and subcutaneous tissues (outside CNS)
494
MCC of unilateral sensorineural hearing loss
vestibulochochlear schwannoma
495
MCC of multiple enhancing CNs
mets
496
MC cerebellopontine cistern mass
vestibular schwannoma
497
MC of all Meckel cave tumors
schwannomas
498
MC jugular foramen schwannoma but still rare
glossopharyngeal schwannomas (IX)
499
MC site of facial nerve schwannomas
geniculate fossa
500
Bulging fissure sign in imaging is due to what etiology of pneumonia
Klebsiella Pneumoniae
501
What sign differentiates anterior and posteriro mediastinal
mass
Cervicothoracic sign
502
List types of non small cell lung carcinoma
1. Adeno ca
2. Large cell ca
3. SCC
503
List two types of bronchogenic ca
1. Small cell lung ca
2. Nonsmall cell lung ca
504
MCC HRCT finding of lipoid pneumonia
Negative attenuation values within areas of consolidation
505
MCC of metastatic intracerebral hemorrhage
Melanoma
RCC
Choriocarcinoma
