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General Pathology > Morphology of Hemodynamic Disorders > Flashcards

Morphology of Hemodynamic Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two categories that make up simple changes in blood flow

A

Hyperemia
Congestion

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2
Q

What is hyperemia

A

Increased blood flow due to arteriolar dilation

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3
Q

How can tissue affected by hyperemia be described

A

erythemic (red)

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4
Q

What is congestion

A

Reduced venous outflow
Can be systemic or local

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5
Q

How can tissue affected by congestion be described

A

Cyanotic

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6
Q

Congestion and hyperemia - which is active v passive

A

Congestion - passive
Hyperemia - active

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7
Q

Hemorrhage:

A

Extravasation of blood into tissues, body cavities, or externally

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8
Q

What are some general causes of hemorrhage (think categories)

A

Trauma
Vit K deficiency
Vasculitis
Aneurism rupture
Heriditary

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9
Q

How can hemorrhage be heriditary

A

Genetic coag factor defect
Platelet function is altered

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10
Q

Purpura:

A

purplish or brownish-red discoloration of the epidermis due to hemorrhage

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11
Q

Petechia

A

Pinpoint hemorrhage, smallest lesion that is grossly visible

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12
Q

Ecchymosis:

A

Larger (>1cm) focus of hemorrhage

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13
Q

Description of hemorrhage into body cavities -

A

hemo- + cavity
ex: hemothorax, hemopericardium, etc

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14
Q

Hematoma:

A

localized collection of clotted blood found in tissue space
(extravascular coagulation)

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15
Q

Thrombosis:

A

Pathologic presentation of normal hemostatic pathways
Occurs within intact blood vessels
Needs to be distinguished from a post-mortem clot at necropsy

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16
Q

Hemoptysis:

A

Blood or blood-stained sputum
Ew.

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17
Q

Hematochezia:

A

fresh blood in feces
Usually indicates bleed in lower GI - blood was not exposed to stomach acid

18
Q

Melena:

A

Black tarry blood in feces

19
Q

What % of their blood can healthy animals stand to loose

A

20%

20
Q

What is the name for the unholy thrombotic trinity

A

Virchow’s Triad

21
Q

What are the components of Virchow’s Triad

A

Hypercoagulability (blood composition)
Stasis (flow)
Vessel wall injury (vasculature)

22
Q

How does endothelial injury contribute to thrombosis

A

Damage alters blood flow and can lead to coagulation

23
Q

How does alteration in blood flow lead to thrombosis

A

Stasis brings platelets into contact with the endothelium –> activation
Turbulence causes damage

24
Q

How does a change in blood composition lead to thrombosis

A

Increased # of platelets –> hypercoagulability
Elevated fibrin levels
Decreased anti-thrombin levels

25
Q

Post-mortem clot morphology

A

Easily removed
Cast of vessel
Dark red, gelatinous
Shiny, smooth
Area of yellow if RBCs settle out

26
Q

Arterial thrombi morphology

A

Form in areas of rapid blood flow
Attached to sites of endothelial damage
Retrograde growth
Pale/grey
Dry, friable
Alternating layers of fibrin and platelets

27
Q

Venous thrombi morphology

A

Areas of slow flow
Attached to area of injury
Grow in direction of blood flow
Form in casts BUT not easy to remove
Firm, moist, red

28
Q

What are the possible ‘fates of thrombi

A

Propagation
Dissolution
Embolization
Organization
Recanalization

29
Q

Propagation:

A

continues to grow

30
Q

Dissolution:

A

Clot dissolved by fibrinolysis

31
Q

Embolization:

A

Dislodges and travels somewhere else (thromboembolism)

32
Q

Organization:

A

conversion to fibrous connective tissue

33
Q

Recanalization:

A

small vessels form in the thrombis to re-establish blood flow

34
Q

Infarction:

A

Occlusion due to thrombis and thromboembolism

35
Q

Ischemia:

A

Hypoxia due to loss of blood supply

36
Q

Morphology of infarcts

A

Wedge shaped, poorly defined when fresh

37
Q

White infarct morphology

A

Arterial occlusion in solid tissues/organs

38
Q

red infarct morphology

A

Can be venous or arterial
Venous - loosely organized tissue (lungs)
Arterial - in tissues with secondary collateral blood supply, may have originally been white

39
Q

WHat do bland vs septic infarct refer to

A

etiology

40
Q

Bland infarct:

A

Sterile, most common

41
Q

Septic infarct:

A

Contaminated with bacteria, can produce an abscess

General Pathology (19 decks)

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