Acute Inflammation

Question 1

What are the 5 R’s of the immune response

Answer 1

Recognition
Recruitment
Removal
Regulation
Resolution

Question 2

What does the complement do

Answer 2

Recruits neutrophils and monocytes

Question 3

How does innate immunity work (generally)

Answer 3

Pattern recognition receptors bind to pathogen and trigger cytokine cascade

Question 4

What do PRRs recognize

Answer 4

Pathogen associated molecular patterns
Damage associated molecular patterns

Question 5

What are the main removal mechanisms used by innate immunity

Answer 5

Intracellular killing
Extracellular secretion and effectors
Direct cell-mediated killing

Question 6

Who does intracellular killing

Answer 6

Neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, dendritic cells

Question 7

What happens during intracellular killing

Answer 7

-Detection
-Internalization
-Destruction

Question 8

Who can opsonize bacteria

Answer 8

complement or antibodies

Question 9

what are the mechanisms for extracellular secretion and effectors

Answer 9

Degranulation
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)

Question 10

What happens during degranulation

Answer 10

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and mast cells release their granules
Granules release proteolytic enzymes into the intracellular space

Question 11

How do NETs work

Answer 11

Neutrophils throw out ‘webs’ mostly comprised of their DNA
Bind to pathogens
Form a physical barrier

Question 12

Who does the direct cell-mediated killing

Answer 12

Natural killer cells

Question 13

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 13

redness
warmth
swelling
pain
loss of function

Question 14

What are the components of acute inflammation

Answer 14

Dilation of small vessels
Increased vascular permeability
Emigration of neutrophils

Question 15

What is the hallmark of acute inflammation

Answer 15

Increased vascular permeability

Question 16

What is early fluid leakage like

Answer 16

low protein, low cellularity

Question 17

What is early fluid leakage called

Answer 17

transudate

Question 18

Talk to me about fibrin

Answer 18

Produced when thrombin cleaves fibrinogen
Friable threads and plaques
Yellow or pink/red
Often seen in body cavities
Goes with acute things

Question 19

What are the steps of the leukocyte adhesion cascade

Answer 19

margination
rolling
firm adhesion
transmigration

Question 20

What happens during margination

Answer 20

Change in blood flow causes neutrophils to drop out of the laminar flow & come into contact with the epithelium

Question 21

What happens during rolling

Answer 21

Neutrophils express ligands that bind to selectins and form LOOSE attachments

Question 22

What happens during firm adhesion

Answer 22

Mediated by integrins
Chemokines at the injury activate leukocytes –> low-affinity integrins –> high-affinity integrins
Neutrophils change shape to be flatter

Question 23

What happens during transmigration

Answer 23

chemokines and intracellular adhesion molecules stimulate leukocytes to migrate through endothelial spaces - ‘walk’ them through

Question 24

Describe exudate

Answer 24

Viscous, opaque
Flecks of fibrin
Very cellular
Can remove damage
Dead neutrophils –> pus

Question 25

What causes redness

Answer 25

Increased blood flow and vascular permeability

Question 26

What causes warmth

Answer 26

Increased blood flow

Question 27

What causes swelling

Answer 27

edema, cell accumulation

Question 28

What causes pain

Answer 28

vet school

tissue damage, inflammatory mediators

Question 29

What causes loss of function

Answer 29

Pain, tissue damage