More on Fruits

Question 1

Parthenocarpy

Answer 1

Development of fruit without fertilization

Question 2

Vivipary

Answer 2

When embryos germinate while still attached to the parent plant

Question 3

Cryptovivpary

Answer 3

vivipary where the embryos do not penetrate the pericarp

Question 4

Pseudovivipary

Answer 4

development of propagules from vegetative plant parts (NO OVULES INVOLVED)

Question 5

Ananas comosus

Pine Apple

Answer 5

• South America, specifically Brazil and Paraguay.
  
  • Symbol of hospitality, status, artistic motif.
  • High content sugars 15%
  • Vitamin A & C and Bromelain
  • Fiber extraction
  • Grows underground
  • Determinate inflorescence
  • Usually grown from clones, cut off suckers and plant them

Question 6

• Anatomy of pineapple:

Answer 6

○ Rachis
		○ Pedicel 
		○ Florent 
		○ Floral bract 
		○ Apical meristem

Question 7

Mulberry

Answer 7

• Multiple Fruit

Separate stigmas and styles for each flower that fuse together during maturity.

Question 8

Raspberry

Answer 8

• Aggregated of drupes

Question 9

Strawberry

Answer 9

• Simple fruit

- Aggregate of achenes.

Question 10

Fruit vs Vegetable

Answer 10

• Fruit can be botanical, vegetable more a culinary.
  
  • Not a staple food
  • Major source of vitamins and minerals
  • Variety of flavour and texture
  • Assist in digestion - cellulose
  • Dietary complement -> Sugar and fiber content

Question 11

Solanaceae

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Answer 11

• Nightshade / Tomato Family
  
  • Edible / Ornamental / Fun Plants
  • Tomato, chili pepper, eggplant, potato, tobacco, mandragora, datura, Angel’s trumpet

Question 12

S. pimpenillifolium

Tomato

Answer 12

• “Juicy wolf peach”
  
  • Edibility: 1820
  • La Tomatina
    ○ Festival in Bunol, Valencia
    Gigantic tomato figh

Question 13

Peppers - Capsicum annuum

Answer 13

• Capsaicin = hot (and medicinally active)
  
  • 7,000 ya Tehuacan
  • South America domesticated
  • Birds disperse pepper seeds
  • Pain receptors stimulation; sensitivity to pain
    ○ No chemical burn, activating receptor for sensitivity to pain
    ○ Over time the pain reaction decreases.
    Hydrophobic, oily type substance

Question 14

Edible Plant Parts

Answer 14

• Solanaeae: Capsicum annuum
  
  • Solanum tuberosum
  • Solanum esculentum
  • Pericarp, ecto&mesoderm, locule, septum, endoderm and placenta

Question 15

Solanum melongena - Egg plant

Answer 15

• China, Turkey, Japan, Egypt, Italy.

○ India main supported theory of where it was domesticated.

Question 16

Squash/Pumpkin - Cucurbita maxima

Answer 16

• One of the three sisters: squash beans corn
  
  • Mesoamerica 8000-10000 ya
    Seeds: sulfur rich AA
    • Cucurbitaceae

Question 17

Old World Curcurbitaceae

Answer 17

• Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)
  
  • Cucumis melo (Honey Dew)
  • Citrullus Lanatus (Water melon)
  • Parthenogenetic (parthenocarpy)

Question 18

The Gourd

Answer 18

Lagenaria

Question 19

Brassica oleracea

Answer 19

- Domestication and Selection of Brassica - 650 BC 
		○ Greeks 
	- Var. botrytis, var. italica, var. capitata, var. gongylodes, var. gemmifera 
	- Axillary
		○ Buds - heads
	- Turnips and rutabagas 
	- Stem & Inflorescences 
	- Broccoli, cauliflower 
	- Kale, ornamental cabbages, kohlrabi 
	- Radish - Raphanus sativus 
	- Horseradish - Amoracia rusticana 
Mustard oil glycosides

Question 20

Asteraceae (Sunflower Family)

Answer 20

• Largest angiosperm family ~24,000 spp
  
  • Cosmopolitan herbs, shrubs and trees.
    Food: Lettuce, artichoke, sunflower, chicory.

Question 21

sunflower: Helianthus annuus

Answer 21

○ Flower and achenes 
		○ Human and animal diets 
		○ Sunflower oil
		○ Argentina, Russia, France, Ukraine, USA
		○ Native to North America

Question 22

Asteraceae - Lettuce - Lactuca sativa

Answer 22

• Eurasia
  
  • Nutritional Value:
    ○ Water 96%
    ○ Cal 13%
    ○ Prot 1 g
    Vitamin A