Minor Cereals

Question 1

Avena sativa L.

Oats

Answer 1

Open Panicle

Spikelet = glume + 3 florets

Dorsal awm + lemma + palea

Secondary weedy species

Temperate areas

Lacks gluten

Popular in Europe Russia and North America

Question 2

Oats Origin and Distribution

Answer 2

Avena sterilis - putative ancestor

Diploid ancestor to tetraploid and hexaploidy

Origin Near East

DOmesticated 3500-4000 ya

Question 3

Oat Types

Answer 3

Whole oats: includes hull

Oat Groats: Hull removed, bran layer

Thick rolled: Sliced 3-4/grains

Thin Rolled: Smaller numerous slices

Oat Bran

Question 4

Facts about Oats

Answer 4

High fat and Protein15%

Mineral content

Muscle builder

High energy content

No gluten but Avenin

Question 5

Oats Production

Answer 5

Decreasing trend from 1961 to 2011 b/c it is not a major cash crop for farmers

Question 6

Hordeum valgare L. (Barley)

Answer 6

7000-1000 BC

One of the first domesticated cereals

Dethroned by wheat

Temperate

Question 7

Wild Barley

Answer 7

Kernels on alternate sides of spike - shattering

Fossil data: fertile crescent (Syria and Iraq), 2 row semi domesticated ca 10000 years

Question 8

Cultivated Barley

Answer 8

Kernels in groups of three on alternate sides of spike non-shattering, larger seeds, larger spikelets

Question 9

Major Barley Uses

Answer 9

Feed - whole kernel rolled/ ground for beef dairy cattle and poultry

Malt for beer, whisky, etc

Food for whole bran + endosperm

Question 10

Secale cereal L. (RYE)

Answer 10

‘Poor people’s wheat”

Hardy and matures at 12 degrees

Long roots

Most imporant bread in Europe to Siberia

SK Produce 260k tons in 2014 to export Russia and german

Question 11

Origin of Rye

Answer 11

13,000 Syria

Weedy secondary crop associate with barley and wheat

Tolerance to climate and soil conditions

Fermentation

Leavened Flour

Hay and Pasture

Question 12

Triticale (X triticosecale)

Answer 12

1st truly man-made cereal

Late 19th century Scotland and Sweden

Lower soil and water requirements than wheat

Cold resistant

Hybrid between wheat and rye

Question 13

What are the advantages of Triticale

Answer 13

Make hybrid to bring all the good traits of both parents together = hybrid vigour

Larger grains, high nutrition, high yields, high protein

Question 14

Sorghum bicolor L.

Sorghum, Sweet Sorghum, Sudan Grass

Answer 14

Rank 4th as staple food for human nutrition

Cooks like corn; water efficient

Question 15

Origin Sorghum bicolor L.

Answer 15

Native to Central Asia

Domestication Ethiopia, Sudan, Chad

5000-7000 ya

Tropical and Subtropical: Warm temp, water and soil requirements

Word CA 70,000mmt - 50% human

Question 16

Types of Sorghum

Answer 16

Grain Sorghums

Sweet Sorghum

Sudan Grass

Broom Corn

Question 17

Sorghum economic uses

Answer 17

Every single part of the plants
Staples and animal feed
Food: breads, porridge, beer, syrup
Industrial Raw: molasses, biodiesel, oil, starch, fibres, biodegradable packaging.
House industry wall boards
4th in importance for human nutrition
Potential to prevent starvation = potential to become miracle crops

Question 18

Setaria spp., Panicum spp., Pennisetum spp., Millets => Edible Grass

Answer 18

SK has the most of the millets families but dont pay attention here

drought resistant

crop food source in arid regions of the world

long periods of storage

hard to harvest

worlds arable land dedicated to millet: India, Nigeria, China, Niger

Perennial to annual, vice versa

Tolerant

Single Harvest

Unbranched culm

Non-shattering inflorescences

Question 19

Changes Due to Domestication in Millets

Answer 19

Human collect caryopsis and called grains

Thinking about what happens during the domestication process