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BIO324 > Fruits and Flowers > Flashcards

Fruits and Flowers Flashcards

1
Q

Pericarp

A

Part of fruit formed from ripened ovary

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2
Q

Perianth

A

Outer part of flower consisting of caylx and corolla

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3
Q

Hypanthium

A

Floral cup. Formed by fusion of petals, sepals, and stamens

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4
Q

Ovule

A

Integumented megasporangium that develops into a seed

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5
Q

Simple Fruit

A

Fruit is the product of a single flower

Fleshy / Dry

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6
Q

Multiple Fruit

A

Everything completely fused

Fruit is the product of several flowers clustered

Recognition and unit of dispersal.

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7
Q

Superior Ovary

A

Hypogynous

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8
Q

Half-inferior Ovary

A

Perigynous

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9
Q

Inferior Ovary

A

Epignynous

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10
Q

Anatomy of a Peanut

A

Pericarp

Exo meso endo = shell

papery layer = seed coat

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11
Q

Berry

A

Fleshy mesocarp (interior)

Exocarp (outer skin)

Peppers are a berry

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12
Q

Simple Fruits Derived From A Superior Ovary

A

Drupe
- Fleshy fruit with stony endocarp (peaches, etc)

Hesperidium

  • Berry with leathery rind with oil glands
  • Often if it’s a citrus fruit, it is hesperidium
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13
Q

The Coconut

A

Uncertain origin, but in the Indo-Pacific

Greatest provider in the tropics (food, shelter, oil, fiber, and drink)

Buoyancy

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14
Q

Coconut Anatomy

A

Three fused carpels but will only have one viable offspring from each nut

Outer surface exocarp, then mesocarp, then endo carp then at the very middle is the coconut apple

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15
Q

Pome

A

Flower corresponds with what is inside of the fruit

Ovary surrounded by fleshy hypanthium

Derived from an inferior ovary

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16
Q

Pepo

A

Seeds attached to outside –> parietal placentation

A berry with a hard, thick rind

Derived from inferior ovary

Placenta & funiculus (melons)

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17
Q

Malus (Apple)

A

Rosaceae, inferior ovary

* Malus = bad - Eve's 
* Center of diversity in E Turkey and SW Russia

Malus X domesticus (M. pumila)
M. sieverri - Kazakhstan –> ancestor

Diploid or triploid > 7500 cultivars

41 varieties in Canada

60% of temperate fruit production

Propagation: grafting

- Root stalks are selected for hardiness and pest resistance as well as adaption

- Crop/Market Improvement:
	○ Taste, colour, delay ripening, shipping techniques

- Crop/Market Improvement:
	○ Taste, colour, delay ripening, shipping techniques
18
Q

Citrus (Orange)

A

Rutaceae, superior ovary

19
Q

Rosaceae

A

Temperate regions: Northern Hemisphere

Herbs, shrubs, and trees

Flowers with hypanthium

Fruit: pome, drupe, achene, aggregate/accessory, capsule

Economic Uses: EDIBLE AND ORNAMENTAL, roses, apple, pear, almond, peach, cherry, strawberry

Plum subfamily - drupes

Apple subfamily - plums

Rose subfamily - aggregate of achenes

20
Q

USA - Seed Propagation

A

John Chapman (Johnny Apple Seed)

Increased variation

21
Q

Prunus Family

A

plum, peach, apricot, cherry and other stone fruits

22
Q

Peach

A

– Prunus persica – Asia

Peach types, freestones, clings, mectarine

23
Q

Plums

A

American plum – Prunus americaa – Asia

European plum – P. domestica

Cherry plum - P, cerasifera

24
Q

Apricot

A

P. armeniaca West Asia – Golden apply, seeds of the sun

Almond also in the prunus genus, we crack open the meso carp and eats the seeds?

The pith of the cherry, plum, and wild almond has a large amount of amecdelin=> toxic

25
Q

Cherry

A

Near East

Sweet cherry: P. avium (diploid)

Sour cherry: P. cerasus (tetraploid)

Maraschino cherries (sweet cherries) = pith remove then put in sugar syrup

Tarpaulin – harvest by a tarp

26
Q

Strawberry

A

Fragaria X ananassa – Frago = fragance – commercial varieties – hybrid

F.chiloensis = African varieties

F. virginiana = north america varieties

F. vesca = wild strawberry can grow as ground cover in SK

CHO & vitamin C,

Planting, plant seleccting, fruit collection, grading, packing, processing

Commonly grow in plasticulture and straw mulch

Strawberry fruit development: many carpels got fertilized => receptacle swollens and enlarge => seeds attached to the enlarged receptacle

27
Q

Saskatoon berry

A

Amelanchier alnifolia - pome fruit

28
Q

Rutaceae (citrus family)

A

Tropical shurb and trees, native from Asia

Thorns

Hesperiidium, locule filled with fleshy hair, what we eat is inside the locule, not the ripening ovary itself

Orange, tangerine, mandarines, clementines

Lemons and limes, Grapefruit and pomelo – AKA golden apples

The leaf of citrus family has very thick glossy evergreen leaf on them
Sweet orange – Citrus sinesis

Bitter orange – C. aurantium

These both orange come from the cross between tangarine (citrus reticulata) and pomelo (C. maixma)

Navel orange was developed in Brazil 1820 – become very popular

Citrus fruit:

Eocarp with oil glands, Mesocarp (white meat), thing we eat = gland hair in the locule …

C.maxima (pmelo) Citrus paradisi (grape druit

Citrus reticulata X C. paradisi (tangelo)

High in vitamin C, Survy

Citrus justrox (kaffir lime)

Citrus medica var sarcodatylus (Buddha’s hard citron)

= Oils – perfume/ pharmaceuticals

Clost relatives: Fortunella crassifolia

Poncyrus trifolia (bitter orange)

29
Q

NUTS

A

Hard pericarp, indehiscent, never open until we cracked it, we eat the embryo inside

Almond is not a true nut, it is from prunus family

30
Q

Walnuts - Juglans regia, Juglans nigra

A

Oigin: south east europpe, West and central Asia, USA ( bitter varieties, no tasty)

31
Q

Brazil nut: Bertholetia excelsa (lecythidaceae

A

Amazonia – Brazil and Peru

Multiple (20) nuts stay insde the husk (involucral bract)

32
Q

Chestnut Castanea sativa (Fagaceae)

A

Southe Europe – East USA

33
Q

Cashew: Anacardium occidentalis

A

Brazil native – Tropical cult – Inida 1st

Cashew seeds developed from the carpel, and other part of the flower enlarge to make cashew apple

Pistachio

Pistacia vera

Native Central asia, cultivars south europe, iran, india

Other uses: mangifera, spondias nad many toxic species

34
Q

Number of carpels and placentation types

A

How do we dertermine the nuber of carpels in a flower/ ovary: Crossection = number of locule = number of carpels

Number of stigma lobes

Number of styles. Branches. Number of ovary lobes, number of locules

Placetation = arrangement of ovels in the carpel

Two carpels, axillar placentation

There is other placentation

35
Q

Ficus carica (moraceae)

A

Fig

syconium (syconium flesh tissues that encircles (protect the tiny flowers inside)

Caprifig = male flowers

Caprifig syconmium = that structure cover only male flower, female flower exist but infertile, male (staminate flowers , short style female flower)

Edible fig syncosium = long style female fis (female = pistillate)

36
Q

Fig wasp relationship

A

Wasp can lay eggs and thrive in the fig sycosium ( female flowers), => female wasp is dead after all inside the fig? Vegan not eating fig

37
Q

Most domesticated food plants have been selected for:

A

large plant parts, soft edible tissue, thick fles with inter color, fruits attached to tough stem, good flavor

38
Q

Vivipary

A

can happen in tomato, bell paper , orange = potential economic loss

Vivipary = in commercial crops

39
Q

Pseudovivpary vs Cryptovivipary

A

germplasms issues (research this)

40
Q

Pseudovivipary

A

The term vivipary has also been used to cover the development of plantlets from vegetative buds that have entirely replaced flower buds?

41
Q

Cryptovivipary

A

u dont know vivipary occuring only if you open the fruit

BIO324 (16 decks)

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