Fruits and Flowers Flashcards
Pericarp
Part of fruit formed from ripened ovary
Perianth
Outer part of flower consisting of caylx and corolla
Hypanthium
Floral cup. Formed by fusion of petals, sepals, and stamens
Ovule
Integumented megasporangium that develops into a seed
Simple Fruit
Fruit is the product of a single flower
Fleshy / Dry
Multiple Fruit
Everything completely fused
Fruit is the product of several flowers clustered
Recognition and unit of dispersal.
Superior Ovary
Hypogynous
Half-inferior Ovary
Perigynous
Inferior Ovary
Epignynous
Anatomy of a Peanut
Pericarp
Exo meso endo = shell
papery layer = seed coat
Berry
Fleshy mesocarp (interior)
Exocarp (outer skin)
Peppers are a berry
Simple Fruits Derived From A Superior Ovary
Drupe
- Fleshy fruit with stony endocarp (peaches, etc)
Hesperidium
- Berry with leathery rind with oil glands
- Often if it’s a citrus fruit, it is hesperidium
The Coconut
Uncertain origin, but in the Indo-Pacific
Greatest provider in the tropics (food, shelter, oil, fiber, and drink)
Buoyancy
Coconut Anatomy
Three fused carpels but will only have one viable offspring from each nut
Outer surface exocarp, then mesocarp, then endo carp then at the very middle is the coconut apple
Pome
Flower corresponds with what is inside of the fruit
Ovary surrounded by fleshy hypanthium
Derived from an inferior ovary
Pepo
Seeds attached to outside –> parietal placentation
A berry with a hard, thick rind
Derived from inferior ovary
Placenta & funiculus (melons)
Malus (Apple)
Rosaceae, inferior ovary
* Malus = bad - Eve's * Center of diversity in E Turkey and SW Russia
Malus X domesticus (M. pumila)
M. sieverri - Kazakhstan –> ancestor
Diploid or triploid > 7500 cultivars
41 varieties in Canada
60% of temperate fruit production
Propagation: grafting
- Root stalks are selected for hardiness and pest resistance as well as adaption - Crop/Market Improvement: ○ Taste, colour, delay ripening, shipping techniques - Crop/Market Improvement: ○ Taste, colour, delay ripening, shipping techniques
Citrus (Orange)
Rutaceae, superior ovary
Rosaceae
Temperate regions: Northern Hemisphere
Herbs, shrubs, and trees
Flowers with hypanthium
Fruit: pome, drupe, achene, aggregate/accessory, capsule
Economic Uses: EDIBLE AND ORNAMENTAL, roses, apple, pear, almond, peach, cherry, strawberry
Plum subfamily - drupes
Apple subfamily - plums
Rose subfamily - aggregate of achenes
USA - Seed Propagation
John Chapman (Johnny Apple Seed)
Increased variation
Prunus Family
plum, peach, apricot, cherry and other stone fruits
Peach
– Prunus persica – Asia
Peach types, freestones, clings, mectarine
Plums
American plum – Prunus americaa – Asia
European plum – P. domestica
Cherry plum - P, cerasifera
Apricot
P. armeniaca West Asia – Golden apply, seeds of the sun
Almond also in the prunus genus, we crack open the meso carp and eats the seeds?
The pith of the cherry, plum, and wild almond has a large amount of amecdelin=> toxic
Cherry
Near East
Sweet cherry: P. avium (diploid)
Sour cherry: P. cerasus (tetraploid)
Maraschino cherries (sweet cherries) = pith remove then put in sugar syrup
Tarpaulin – harvest by a tarp
Strawberry
Fragaria X ananassa – Frago = fragance – commercial varieties – hybrid
F.chiloensis = African varieties
F. virginiana = north america varieties
F. vesca = wild strawberry can grow as ground cover in SK
CHO & vitamin C,
Planting, plant seleccting, fruit collection, grading, packing, processing
Commonly grow in plasticulture and straw mulch
Strawberry fruit development: many carpels got fertilized => receptacle swollens and enlarge => seeds attached to the enlarged receptacle
Saskatoon berry
Amelanchier alnifolia - pome fruit
Rutaceae (citrus family)
Tropical shurb and trees, native from Asia
Thorns
Hesperiidium, locule filled with fleshy hair, what we eat is inside the locule, not the ripening ovary itself
Orange, tangerine, mandarines, clementines
Lemons and limes, Grapefruit and pomelo – AKA golden apples
The leaf of citrus family has very thick glossy evergreen leaf on them
Sweet orange – Citrus sinesis
Bitter orange – C. aurantium
These both orange come from the cross between tangarine (citrus reticulata) and pomelo (C. maixma)
Navel orange was developed in Brazil 1820 – become very popular
Citrus fruit:
Eocarp with oil glands, Mesocarp (white meat), thing we eat = gland hair in the locule …
C.maxima (pmelo) Citrus paradisi (grape druit
Citrus reticulata X C. paradisi (tangelo)
High in vitamin C, Survy
Citrus justrox (kaffir lime)
Citrus medica var sarcodatylus (Buddha’s hard citron)
= Oils – perfume/ pharmaceuticals
Clost relatives: Fortunella crassifolia
Poncyrus trifolia (bitter orange)
NUTS
Hard pericarp, indehiscent, never open until we cracked it, we eat the embryo inside
Almond is not a true nut, it is from prunus family
Walnuts - Juglans regia, Juglans nigra
Oigin: south east europpe, West and central Asia, USA ( bitter varieties, no tasty)
Brazil nut: Bertholetia excelsa (lecythidaceae
Amazonia – Brazil and Peru
Multiple (20) nuts stay insde the husk (involucral bract)
Chestnut Castanea sativa (Fagaceae)
Southe Europe – East USA
Cashew: Anacardium occidentalis
Brazil native – Tropical cult – Inida 1st
Cashew seeds developed from the carpel, and other part of the flower enlarge to make cashew apple
Pistachio
Pistacia vera
Native Central asia, cultivars south europe, iran, india
Other uses: mangifera, spondias nad many toxic species
Number of carpels and placentation types
How do we dertermine the nuber of carpels in a flower/ ovary: Crossection = number of locule = number of carpels
Number of stigma lobes
Number of styles. Branches. Number of ovary lobes, number of locules
Placetation = arrangement of ovels in the carpel
Two carpels, axillar placentation
There is other placentation
Ficus carica (moraceae)
Fig
syconium (syconium flesh tissues that encircles (protect the tiny flowers inside)
Caprifig = male flowers
Caprifig syconmium = that structure cover only male flower, female flower exist but infertile, male (staminate flowers , short style female flower)
Edible fig syncosium = long style female fis (female = pistillate)
Fig wasp relationship
Wasp can lay eggs and thrive in the fig sycosium ( female flowers), => female wasp is dead after all inside the fig? Vegan not eating fig
Most domesticated food plants have been selected for:
large plant parts, soft edible tissue, thick fles with inter color, fruits attached to tough stem, good flavor
Vivipary
can happen in tomato, bell paper , orange = potential economic loss
Vivipary = in commercial crops
Pseudovivpary vs Cryptovivipary
germplasms issues (research this)
Pseudovivipary
The term vivipary has also been used to cover the development of plantlets from vegetative buds that have entirely replaced flower buds?
Cryptovivipary
u dont know vivipary occuring only if you open the fruit
