Molecular: Theisen

Question 1

Explain Ras and Raf in relation to receptor tyrosine kinase

Answer 1

Ras binds to Raf and initiates MAP kinase pathway

Question 2

What is the shape and building blocks of Actin Filaments

Answer 2

two stranded helical polymers of the protein actin. Subunits are g-acting vs F-actin (assembled)

Question 3

What is the shape and building block of microtubules

Answer 3

long hollow cylinder (long and straight)made of tubulin subunits that are compact and tubular.More rigid than actin

Question 4

Where are the attachment points for microtubules?

Answer 4

have one end attached to a single microtubule-organizing center called a centrosome.

Question 5

explain catastrophe in dynamic instability

Answer 5

if nucleotide hydrolysis proceeds more rapidly than subunit addition, the cap is lost and the microtubule begins to shrink.

Question 6

explain rescue in dynamic instability

Answer 6

GTP-containing subunits may still add to the shrinking end, if enough add to form a cap then microtubule growth resumes.

Question 7

Explain the shape of intermediate filaments.

Answer 7

rope like.made of smaller intermediate filament proteins.extend across the cytoplasm to provide mechanical support

Question 8

What are intermediate filaments that anchor at the site of cell-cell contact called?

Answer 8

desmosomes

Question 9

What are intermediate filaments that anchor at the site of cell-matrix contacts called?

Answer 9

hemidesmosomes

Question 10

What does the ARP complex do?

Answer 10

nucleates assembly to form a web and remains associated with the minus end.

Question 11

What is cofilins role?

Answer 11

binds ADP-actin filaments, accelerating dissasembly

Question 12

What does gamma-TuRC do for microtubule filaments

Answer 12

nucleates assembly and remains associated with the minus end.

Question 13

What is a nonclassical cadherins

Answer 13

desmosomes: connects intermediate filaments in one cell to those in the next cell

Question 14

What is a classical cadherin

Answer 14

adherens junction: connects actin filament bundle in one cell with that in the next.

Question 15

What are the two main tight junction proteins?

Answer 15

Claudin & occludin

Question 16

T/F glucose can pass through Gap junctions?

Answer 16

TRUE

Question 17

what are connexons made up of?

Answer 17

6 connexin protein subunits.

Question 18

The basal lamina is primarily made up of what two proteins?

Answer 18

Laminin and Type IV collagen

Question 19

What are Keratan, chondroitin sulfate, and other proteins linked by in proteoglycans?

Answer 19

hyaluronic acid

Question 20

Where does hydroxylation of collagen happen?

Answer 20

in the ER

Question 21

What are the two hydroxylases responsible for scurvy and Ehledrs-Danlos VI?

Answer 21

Prolyl/Lysyl

Question 22

Which technique would be used to separate proteins?

Answer 22

SDS Page

Question 23

Which technique would be used to identify unknown protien?

Answer 23

Mass Spec

Question 24

Which technique uses a detecting antibody?

Answer 24

Western Blot

Question 25

Which technique would be used to analyze proteins in solution?

Answer 25

NMR

Question 26

What ELISA would be used for a HIV test?

Answer 26

Indirect ELISA

Question 27

When analyzing DNA why do you only need a charged agarose gel?

Answer 27

because DNA is already charged.

Question 28

Which stain is the most common for looking at tissues for pathological observations?

Answer 28

H&E Stain

Question 29

Why is the mitochondrial DNA more susceptible to damage than somatic DNA?

Answer 29

It doesn't have any DNA repair mechanisms

Question 30

In the mitochondria what does the ROS increase with?

Answer 30

age

Question 31

Which layer of the epidermis contains stem cells?

Answer 31

basal layer

Question 32

Stem cells present in what help reconstruction and gives rise to hair follicle and into follicular epidermis?

Answer 32

Bulge

Question 33

What is an odorant receptor protein (olfactory receptor) and example of?

Answer 33

A type of G protein coupled receptor

Question 34

Define Totipotency

Answer 34

ability of a cell to give rise to all cell of an organism, including placenta. ex. a zygote.

Question 35

Define pluripotency

Answer 35

ability of a cell to give rise to all cells of the embryo and subsequently adult tissues

Question 36

define multipotency

Answer 36

ability of a cell to give rise to different cell types of a given lineage (adult stem cells)

Question 37

What cells give rise to transit amplifying cells?

Answer 37

Founder stem cells (they have self renewal)

Question 38

What is the immortal strand hypothesis?

Answer 38

Maintaining integrity of the genome

Question 39

explain the 5 steps of the SCNT procedure

Answer 39

1. Remove nucleus from egg2. fuse with any somatic cell3. stimulate cell division process4. extract inner cell mass (pluripotent)5. Culture pluripotent embryonic stem cells.

Question 40

explain the 5 steps of using IPS cells as a model for human disease

Answer 40

1. Take somatic cell from donor/patient2. use specific chemical to turn somatic cell into a disease specific IPSC line that mimimics the donor's disease.3. Re-differentiation/phenotypic reporgramming to create purified cells of defined lineage. 4. drug screening/toxicity testing.5. development of therapies and cures.