Molecular: Theisen Flashcards
Explain Ras and Raf in relation to receptor tyrosine kinase
Ras binds to Raf and initiates MAP kinase pathway
What is the shape and building blocks of Actin Filaments
two stranded helical polymers of the protein actin. Subunits are g-acting vs F-actin (assembled)
What is the shape and building block of microtubules
long hollow cylinder (long and straight)made of tubulin subunits that are compact and tubular.More rigid than actin
Where are the attachment points for microtubules?
have one end attached to a single microtubule-organizing center called a centrosome.
explain catastrophe in dynamic instability
if nucleotide hydrolysis proceeds more rapidly than subunit addition, the cap is lost and the microtubule begins to shrink.
explain rescue in dynamic instability
GTP-containing subunits may still add to the shrinking end, if enough add to form a cap then microtubule growth resumes.
Explain the shape of intermediate filaments.
rope like.made of smaller intermediate filament proteins.extend across the cytoplasm to provide mechanical support
What are intermediate filaments that anchor at the site of cell-cell contact called?
desmosomes
What are intermediate filaments that anchor at the site of cell-matrix contacts called?
hemidesmosomes
What does the ARP complex do?
nucleates assembly to form a web and remains associated with the minus end.
What is cofilins role?
binds ADP-actin filaments, accelerating dissasembly
What does gamma-TuRC do for microtubule filaments
nucleates assembly and remains associated with the minus end.
What is a nonclassical cadherins
desmosomes: connects intermediate filaments in one cell to those in the next cell
What is a classical cadherin
adherens junction: connects actin filament bundle in one cell with that in the next.
What are the two main tight junction proteins?
Claudin & occludin
T/F glucose can pass through Gap junctions?
TRUE
what are connexons made up of?
6 connexin protein subunits.
The basal lamina is primarily made up of what two proteins?
Laminin and Type IV collagen
What are Keratan, chondroitin sulfate, and other proteins linked by in proteoglycans?
hyaluronic acid
Where does hydroxylation of collagen happen?
in the ER
What are the two hydroxylases responsible for scurvy and Ehledrs-Danlos VI?
Prolyl/Lysyl
Which technique would be used to separate proteins?
SDS Page
Which technique would be used to identify unknown protien?
Mass Spec
Which technique uses a detecting antibody?
Western Blot
Which technique would be used to analyze proteins in solution?
NMR
What ELISA would be used for a HIV test?
Indirect ELISA
When analyzing DNA why do you only need a charged agarose gel?
because DNA is already charged.
Which stain is the most common for looking at tissues for pathological observations?
H&E Stain
Why is the mitochondrial DNA more susceptible to damage than somatic DNA?
It doesn’t have any DNA repair mechanisms
In the mitochondria what does the ROS increase with?
age
Which layer of the epidermis contains stem cells?
basal layer
Stem cells present in what help reconstruction and gives rise to hair follicle and into follicular epidermis?
Bulge
What is an odorant receptor protein (olfactory receptor) and example of?
A type of G protein coupled receptor
Define Totipotency
ability of a cell to give rise to all cell of an organism, including placenta. ex. a zygote.
Define pluripotency
ability of a cell to give rise to all cells of the embryo and subsequently adult tissues
define multipotency
ability of a cell to give rise to different cell types of a given lineage (adult stem cells)
What cells give rise to transit amplifying cells?
Founder stem cells (they have self renewal)
What is the immortal strand hypothesis?
Maintaining integrity of the genome
explain the 5 steps of the SCNT procedure
- Remove nucleus from egg2. fuse with any somatic cell3. stimulate cell division process4. extract inner cell mass (pluripotent)5. Culture pluripotent embryonic stem cells.
explain the 5 steps of using IPS cells as a model for human disease
- Take somatic cell from donor/patient2. use specific chemical to turn somatic cell into a disease specific IPSC line that mimimics the donor’s disease.3. Re-differentiation/phenotypic reporgramming to create purified cells of defined lineage. 4. drug screening/toxicity testing.5. development of therapies and cures.
