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Molecular Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Avogadro’s constant

A

6.022 × 10²³

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2
Q

Define Monomer

A

A singular unit, that when combined with other units forms a polymer

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3
Q

Define Polymer

A

Molecules made from multiple monomer units combined together

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4
Q

what is the name of the monomer for carbohydrate molecules

A

Monosaccharides

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5
Q

what is the name of the polymer for carbohydrate molecules

A

Polysaccharides

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6
Q

Monomer name for proteins

A

Amino acids

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7
Q

Polymer name for proteins

A

Polypeptides

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8
Q

Monomer name for nucleic acids

A

Nucleotides

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9
Q

polymer name for nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA

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10
Q

Name the process by which monomers are converted into a polymer

A

Polymerisation

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11
Q

Define Condensation

A

A reaction forming chemical bonds between monomers, releasing a water molecule.

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12
Q

Define Hydrolysis

A

A reaction breaking chemical bonds between monomers using a water molecule.

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13
Q

what type of attraction is hydrogen bonding

A

Permanent dipole to permanent dipole attraction

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14
Q

When does a hydrogen bond occur

A

When a hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to a highly electronegative element such as nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine.

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15
Q

Give 3 examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

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16
Q

Give 3 examples of disaccharides

A

Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose

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17
Q

Give 2 examples of structural polysaccharides

A

Cellulose and Chitin

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18
Q

Give 2 examples of storage polysaccharides

A

Glycogen and Starch

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19
Q

Give Monosaccharide general formula

A

(CH2O)n

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20
Q

What are the names of Glucoses isomers

A

Beta Glucose and Alpha Glucose

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21
Q

where is fructose found

A

In fruits and nectar

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22
Q

How is maltose formed

A

Two glucose molecules joined by an alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond.

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23
Q

How is sucrose formed

A

glucose and fructose joined by an alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond.

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24
Q

How is lactose formed

A

galactose and glucose joined by a beta 1-4 glycosidic bond

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25
Q

What are monosaccharide’s with 3 carbon atoms called

A

Trioses

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26
Q

What are monosaccharide’s with 5 carbon atoms called

A

Pentoses

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27
Q

What are monosaccharide’s with 6 carbon atoms called

A

Hexoses

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28
Q

Which isomer of glucose forms glycogen

A

Alpha Glucose

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29
Q

Which isomer of glucose forms starch

A

Alpha Glucose

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30
Q

Which isomer of glucose forms cellulose

A

Beta Glucose

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31
Q

why are glycosidic bonds formed?

A

Make the monosaccharides more suitable for transport and have less effect on a cell’s osmolarity.

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32
Q

How are disaccharides and polysaccharides formed

A

when two (-OH) groups interact to form a strong covalent bond (glycosidic bond)

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33
Q

Where is the OH on alpha glucose

A

On the bottom

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34
Q

Where is the OH on Beta Glucose

A

On the top

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35
Q

Why are starch and Glycogen storage Polysaccharides

A

They are compact so large quantities can be stored and they are insoluble so will not have an osmotic effect.

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36
Q

What % of starch is Amylose

A

10 - 30%

37
Q

What % of starch is amylopectin

A

70 - 90%

38
Q

What shape does Amylose take on

A

An unbranched Helix - Shaped chain with alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond.

39
Q

What shape does Amylopectin take on

A

Alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds with 1-6 glycosidic bonds between branches.

40
Q

What shape does glycogen take on

A

Highly branched and not coiled. It is more branched than Amylopectin.

41
Q

Where are there high concentrations of glycogen

A

Liver and Muscle cells as cellular respiration rate is high there.

42
Q

Benefits of branches on storage polysaccharides

A

Allows more free ends where glucose molecules can be added or removed, allowing for condensation and hydrolysis reactions to occur more rapidly.

43
Q

What shape does cellulose take on

A

Long chains of beta glucose joined by beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds, with consecutive beta glucose molecules rotated 180 degrees. This forms many hydrogen bonds too increasing strength.

44
Q

How do water and solutes leave or reach the cell membrane

A

The cellulose fibres are freely permeable.

45
Q

What are Lipids known as

A

Macromolecules

46
Q

What atoms are Lipids made up of

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

47
Q

Give two properties of Lipids

A

Non-Polar and Hydrophobic

48
Q

What are the names of the two groups of Lipids

A

Triglycerides and Phospholipids

49
Q

What monomers make up Triglycerides (and how much of each)

A

3 Fatty Acid molecules bonded to a Glycerol molecule

50
Q

What two different versions of fatty acid chains are there

A

Saturated (mainly animal fat) or Unsaturated (mainly vegetables)

51
Q

Name the two versions of Unsaturated fatty acids

A

Monounsaturated and Polyunsaturated

52
Q

What is the name for unsaturated fatty acids whereby the H atoms are on the same side of the double bond

A

Cis-Fatty Acids

53
Q

What is the name for unsaturated fatty acids whereby the H atoms are on opposite sides of the double bond

A

Trans-Fatty acids

54
Q

Can Cis fatty acids be metabolised by enzymes

A

Yes

55
Q

Why are trans fats not metabolised

A

They cannot form enzyme - substrate complex’s

56
Q

How are triglycerides formed

A

Esterification

57
Q

How does an ester bond form

A

When a hydroxyl (-OH) group of glycerol bonds with a carboxyl (-COOH) group of fatty acids.

58
Q

What type of reaction is the formation of an ester bond

A

Condensation reaction

59
Q

How does triglycerides being hydrophobic help with energy storage in cells

A

They do not cause osmotic water uptake in cells, so more can be stored

60
Q

In what form do plants store their triglycerides

A

As oil in seeds and fruit

61
Q

In what form do mammals store triglycerides

A

As oil droplets in adipose tissue (helps them survive when food is scarce)

62
Q

What part of nerve fibres do triglycerides make up

A

The myelin Sheath (Speeds up nerve impulses)

63
Q

What does the adipose tissue layer below the skin act as

A

Insulation against heat loss

64
Q

How does the adipose tissue layer contribute to buoyancy

A

It has a low a density, allows animals to float more easily

65
Q

How are organs protected with triglycerides

A

Adipose tissue layer in mammals contains triglycerides which help protect organs from risk of damage

66
Q

Name a major component of cell surface membranes

A

Phospholipids

67
Q

Are fatty acid tails hydrophilic or hydrophobic

A

Hydrophobic

68
Q

Are phosphate heads in phospholipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic

A

Hydrophilic

69
Q

What is a Phospholipid comprised of

A

2 fatty acid tails and a phosphate head, bonded to a glycerol molecule

70
Q

What is a polymer that has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts called

A

Amphipathic

71
Q

What do phospholipids form in water

A

Monolayers or Bilayers

72
Q

How is a hydrophobic core created on a cell membrane

A

when a phospholipid bilayer forms, hydrophobic fatty acids face inwards and phosphate heads face outwards.

73
Q

What does a bilayer act as

A

A barrier to water soluble molecules

74
Q

How do other objects pass through bilayer

A

Other objects other than water soluble molecules (e.g. Glucose) can pass through the hydrogen bonds between the hydrophilic heads

75
Q

How will the cell membrane being made up of mainly saturated fatty acids affect it

A

Will be less fluid

76
Q

How will the cell membrane being made up of mainly unsaturated fatty acids affect it

A

Will be more fluid

77
Q

Are phospholipids polar or non-polar

A

Polar (have a polar phosphate head)

78
Q

Are triglycerides polar or non-polar

A

Non-Polar

79
Q

How many water molecules each are released during the formation of phospholipids and triglycerides

A

3

80
Q

Function of Triglycerides

A

Energy Storage

81
Q

Function of Phospholipids

A

Cell membrane component

82
Q

Are bond between carbon and hydrogen in a saturated fatty acid chain all single or all double

A

Single

83
Q

How many hydrogens is each carbon bonded to in a saturated fatty acid chain

A

2

84
Q

What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid chain

A

Unsaturated chain contains a Carbon - Carbon double bond

85
Q

How does the c-c double bond affect the chain in an unsaturated chain

A

Causes the chain to have a kink (bend)

86
Q

Why is an unsaturated chain known as ‘unsaturated’

A

Does not have the maximum number of hydrogens possible

87
Q

Why is an saturated chain known as ‘saturated’

A

has the maximum number of hydrogens possible

88
Q

How many hydrogens each can the carbon atoms in the carbon - carbon double bond of the unsaturated chain bond to

A

1

89
Q

What do triglycerides form in cells

A

Insoluble droplets (fatty acids on inside and glycerols outside)

Biology (12 decks)

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