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Biology > DNA and RNA > Flashcards

DNA and RNA Flashcards

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1
Q

What are DNA and RNA both types of

A

Nucleic Acid

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2
Q

Where are DNA and RNA found

A

In all living cells

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3
Q

What are both DNA and RNA needed for

A

To build proteins and allow for proper functioning of cells

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4
Q

What types of molecules are DNA and RNA

A

Information carrying molecules

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5
Q

Do DNA and RNA have the same functions

A

No

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6
Q

Which can carry more info - DNA or RNA

A

DNA

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7
Q

What is DNA’s function

A

Hold or store genetic information. Contains instructions for the growth and development of all organisms

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8
Q

What is RNA’s function

A

Transfer the genetic code found in DNA out of the nucleus and carry it to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

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9
Q

What is each nucleotide in DNA and RNA formed from

A

A pentose sugar, a nitrogen containing organic base and a phosphate group

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10
Q

What are the components of a DNA nucleotide

A

Deoxyribose sugar with hydrogen at the 2’ position, a phosphate group and one of four nitrogenous bases - adenine (A), Cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T)

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11
Q

Which nitrogenous bases bond together

A

A-T and C-G

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12
Q

What are the components of a RNA nucleotide

A

A ribose sugar with a hydroxyl (OH) group at the 2’ position, a phosphate group and one of four nitrogenous bases - Adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) or uracil (U).

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13
Q

How does the presence of 2 hydroxyl groups affect RNA

A

Makes it more susceptible to hydrolysis

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14
Q

Why is DNA tight storage molecule and RNA the transport molecule

A

RNA has a shorter lifespan due to it being more susceptible to hydrolysis.

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15
Q

What two structural forms do the nitrogenous bases in RNA and DNA occur in

A

Purines and Pyrimidines

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16
Q

Which bases are Purines

A

Adenine and Guanine - they have a double ring structure

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17
Q

Which bases are pyrimidines

A

Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil - they have a single ring structure

18
Q

How many strands does DNA have?

A

DNA is double - stranded (double helix)

19
Q

How many strands does RNA have?

A

Single - Stranded

20
Q

Where do the condensation reactions occur between nucleotides making up DNA and RNA

A

The phosphate group of one nucleotide and the pentose sugar of the next nucleotide

21
Q

What does a condensation reaction between two nucleotides form

A

A phosphodiester bond

22
Q

Why is it called a phosphodiester bond

A

Because it consists of a phosphate group and two ester bonds

23
Q

What is the sugar phosphate backbone

A

The chain of alternating phosphate groups and pentose sugars produced as a result of many phosphodiester bonds

24
Q

What are the key differences between DNA and RNA

A

RNA doesn’t contain Thymine, instead it contains uracil, RNA also contains the pentose sugar ribose - instead of deoxyribose

25
Q

What is the structure of DNA

A

DNA molecules are made up of 2 polynucleotide strands lying side by side, running in opposite directions (antiparallel), each strand is made from alternating deoxyribose sugars and phosphate groups bonded (phosphodioester bonds) - forming the sugar phosphate backbone

26
Q

How are the 2 antiparallel strands in DNA held together

A

By hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases

27
Q

What is the structure of RNA

A

Made up of alternating ribose sugars and phosphate groups linked together, with the nitrogenous bases of each nucleotide projecting out sideways from the single - stranded RNA molecule

28
Q

What are the three versions of RNA

A

mRNA, tRNA and rRNA

29
Q

How do ribosomes make polypeptides

A

They ‘read’ RNA in a process known as translation

30
Q

What is RNA that forms proteins

A

rRNA

31
Q

What does rRNA do in ribosomes

A

Has enzymatic properties that catalyse the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids

32
Q

Where are 80s ribosomes found and what subunits are they composed of

A

Composed of 60s and 40s subunits - found in eukaryotes

33
Q

Where are 70s ribosomes found and what subunits are they composed of

A

Composed of 50s and 30s - found in prokaryotic cells as well as in mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells

34
Q

What is the large subunit in ribosomes the site of

A

Translation

35
Q

Are ribosomes surrounded by a membrane?

A

No

36
Q

What was DNA called when it was first discovered

A

Nuclein

37
Q

How did many scientific researchers react to the new discovery of this DNA molecule

A

They doubted it could carry the genetic code because of its relatively simple chemical composition

38
Q

How does DNA have a simple chemical composition

A

Only made up of simple repeating nucleotides, which themselves were only composed of 3 parts

39
Q

What did some scientists hypothesise genetic information is carried by

A

Proteins as they show much higher levels of chemical complexity (Proteins made from 20 different amino acids, DNA just 4 different nucleotides)

40
Q

What did later experiments confirm

A

DNA carried the genetic code

41
Q

How was there variation despite there being just 4 nucleotides

A

The use of the triplet code

42
Q

How is DNA conserved throughout generations of cells

A

DNA is easily copied and therefore inherited between generations within families

Biology (12 decks)

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