Modules 40-43 (Lecture 11)

Question 1

Social Psychology

Answer 1

The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

Question 2

Attribution Theory

Answer 2

The theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition

Question 3

Fundamental Attribution Error

Answer 3

The tendency, when analyzing others’ behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.

Question 4

Attitude

Answer 4

Feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.

Question 5

Foot-in-the-door Phenomenon

Answer 5

The tendency for people who have first agreed to small request to comply later with a larger request

Question 6

Role

Answer 6

A set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

Question 7

Cognitive Route Persuasion

Answer 7

The theory that act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes.

Question 8

Peripheral Route Persuasion

Answer 8

Occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness

Question 9

Central Route Persuasion

Answer 9

Occurs when interested people’s thinking is influences by considering evidence and arguments.

Question 10

Norms

Answer 10

Understood rules for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe “proper” behavior

Question 11

Conformity

Answer 11

Adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

Question 12

Normative Social Influence

Answer 12

Influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

Question 13

Informational Social Influence

Answer 13

Influence resulting from a person’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality.

Question 14

Social Facilitation

Answer 14

In the presence of others, improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks, and worsened performance on difficult tasks.

Question 15

Social Loafing

Answer 15

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their effects toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.

Question 16

Deindividuation

Answer 16

The loss of self-awareness and aelf-restaint occuring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Question 17

Group Polarization

Answer 17

The enhancement of a group’s inclinations through discussion within the group

Question 18

Groupthink

Answer 18

The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

Question 19

Prejudice

Answer 19

An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.

Question 20

Stereotype

Answer 20

A generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.

Question 21

Discrimination

Answer 21

Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members.

Question 22

Just-World Phenomenon

Answer 22

The tendency for people to believe that the world is just and people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

Question 23

Ingroup

Answer 23

“us” –people with whom we share a common identity.

Question 24

Outgroup

Answer 24

“them”– those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.

Question 25

Ingroup Bias

Answer 25

The tendency to favor our own group

Question 26

Scapegoat Theory

Answer 26

The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

Question 27

Other-Race Effect

Answer 27

The tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the “cross-race effect” and the “own-race bias”

Question 28

Aggression

Answer 28

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally.

Question 29

Frustration-Aggression

Answer 29

The principle that frustration– the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal– creates anger, which can generate aggression

Question 30

Mere Exposure Effect

Answer 30

The tendency for repeated exposure to novel stimuli to increase our liking of them

Question 31

Passionate Love

Answer 31

An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a romantic relationship

Question 32

Companionate Love

Answer 32

The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

Question 33

Equity

Answer 33

A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they get to it

Question 34

Self-Disclosure

Answer 34

The act of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others

Question 35

Altruisum

Answer 35

Unselfish regard for the welfare of others

Question 36

Bystander Effect

Answer 36

The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

Question 37

Social Exchange Theory

Answer 37

The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.

Question 38

Reciprocity Norm

Answer 38

An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

Question 39

Social-Responsibility Norm

Answer 39

An expectation that people will help those needing their help

Question 40

Conflict

Answer 40

A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.

Question 41

Social Trap

Answer 41

A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

Question 42

Mirror-Image Perceptions

Answer 42

Mutual views often held by conflicting parties, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and view the other side as evil and aggressive.

Question 43

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Answer 43

A belief that leads to its own fulfillment

Question 44

Superordinate Goals

Answer 44

Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

Question 45

GRIT

Answer 45

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction– a strategy designed to decrease international tensions.